In the name of GOD Nuclear Medicine

1. In the name of GODNuclear Medicine

2. Main topics • Structure of Atom • Atomic notation • Nuclear forces • Stability factors • Nuclear energy level • Radioactivity • Radioactive equations and units • Half life • Radioactive series • Radioactive equilibriums • Nuclear interactions • Nuclear disintegrations • Interaction of particles with matters • Radiation measurement unites • Measurement instrumentations (Free air chamber, Gaiger Muller , TLD chemical dosimeter and Film dosimeter) • Radiopharmacuticals • Imaging systems (rectilinear and gamma camera) • Clinical applications

3. Structure of the atom and The nucleus • isotope same Nproton, different Nneutron ( and ) isotone same Nneutron, different Nproton ( and ) isobar same (Nneutron+ Nproton), different Nproton( and ) isomer  same Nproton, same Nproton, different nuclear energy state A the mass number (Nproton+ Nneutron) Z the atomic number (Nproton )

4. Nuclear forces • 1-Gravity force • 2-Columb force • 3-Nuclear force

5. Stability factors • 1-N/Z ratio • 2-Pair and odd • 3-Mass defect

6. Atomic mass and energy units • 1 amu = mass of =1.6610-27 kg • 1 eV =1 V1.602 10-19 C =1.602 10-19 J • Einstein’s principle of equivalence of mass and energy

7. Summary of Masses

8. كاستي (كاهش) جرمMass Defect

9. انرژي پيوند هسته اي

10. Nuclear energy level • dssd

11. Radioactive equations and units • N0 is the initial number of atom • N is the remaining atom • λ is the decay constant

13. Activity • 1 Ci =3.71010 disintegrations/sec =3.71010 dps =3.71010 Bq

14. The half-life (T1/2) The mean life (T) The half-life (T1/2) & the mean life (T)

15. Radioactive equilibrium

16. activity Transient equilibrium time Transient equilibrium • T1>T2 (1<2)

18. activity Secular equilibrium time Secular equilibrium • T1>>T2 (1<<2) A2= A1

20. Radioactivity and Radioactive series

21. Nuclear interaction • 1-Nuclear fission • 2-Nuclear fusion • 3-Others

22. Nuclear disintegration

23.  particle decay • Q = the disintegration energy = the difference in mass between the parent nucleus and product nuclei • E   510 MeV (discrete energy)

24. Negatron(-) emission • An excessive number of neutrons or a high neutron-to-proton (n/p) ratio • anti-neutrino

25. 0.511 MeV photon positron +  0.511 MeV photon free electron Positron(+) emission • A deficit of neutrons or a low n/p ratio • neutrino • Annihilation

26. The average energy of the  particles is approximately Emax/3. The -ray spectrum

27. Electron capture • The unstable nuclei with neutron deficiency may increase their n/p ratio by EC.

28. An empty hole in a shell is filled by electron from outer shell with an emission of characteristic radiation. discrete energy h=EK - EL Characteristic radiation hole K L M

29. The absorption of characteristic x-rays by orbital electrons and reemission of the energy in the form of monoenergetic electrons discrete energy E=h-EM=EK – EL-EM hole K L M Auger Electrons

30. The excess nuclear energy is passed on to one of the orbital electrons which is then ejected from the atom. To create a vacancy in the involved shell, resulting in the production of characteristic photons or Auger electrons Conversion electron from K shell E = h-Eb Nuclear  ray h Hole in K shell K Internal conversion

31. Activation of nuclides • The yield of a nuclear reaction • The number of bombarding particles • The number of target nuclei • The probability of the occurrence • Cross-section • 1 barn = 10-24 cm2 • The growth of activity • Saturation activity

32. Interaction of Neutron with matters • 1-Neutron capture • 2-Elastic interaction • 3-Inelastic interaction

33. DOSE CONCEPTS, QUANTITIES AND UNITS

34. Radiation exposure Traditional unit: Roentgen (R) = 2.58x10-4 coulomb/kg = 1esu/cm3 Module IV

35. Absorbed dose (D) Energy imparted to matter from any type of radiation D = E/m D:absorbed dose E: energy absorbed by material of mass ‘m’ Module IV

36. Units of absorbed dose The SI unit: gray (Gy) 1 Gy = 1 joule/kilogram Old unit : rad 1 Gy=100 rad Module IV

37. Relation between absorbed dose and exposure Dair (rad)=0.869X(R) or Dair(Gy)=34X(c/Kg) Dmed=fmed.X Dose rate=D’=dD/dt

38. Measurement Methods • Free air chamber • Chemical dosimeters • Calorimetric dosimeters • Scintillator • TLD • Film

39. Free air chamber

40. Gaiger Muler dosimeter • ggfh

41. Scientilator

42. Thermoluminesecnce Dosimeter (TLD)

43. Film dosimeter Characteristic curve

44. Film badge • 1-and 6 for x ray between 15 to 85Kev • 2-for neutron • 3-for x ray between 75Kev to 2MeV • 4-for beta and low energy x ray

45. Radiation Detection and Safety Monitors used for detection of radioactivity reading multiplier scintillation probe (β- and γ-radiation) high sensitivity monitor pancake probe (α-, β- and γ-radiation) 

46. Radiation Detection and Safety Personal dosimetry electronic dosimeter film badge thermo luminescent dose meter (TLD) finger ring (TLD) Dose limits recommended by the ICRP (1991): Occupational: 100mSv in 5 years, 50mSv maximum in any year Public: 5mSv in any 5 consecutive years 

47. Radiation Detection and Safety Dose calibrator ionization chamber electrometer The exact amount of radioactivity can be assayed in a dose calibrator. A factor appropriate for the energy of the radionuclide is entered and the amount of radioactivity can be read directly. 

48. Radiopharmacuticals Used for 1-Diagnostic 2-Therapy 3-Research

49. Main properties'

50. Main radiodrug used