END OF THE COLD WAR

1. END OF THE COLD WAR Chapter 13

2. Cold War Warms • Khrushchev & Destalinization • Succeeded by Brezhnev • Begins policy of détente • Relaxation of tensions • Trade with West • More communication leads to outspoken dissidents

3. America’s role • Some Presidents help the thaw • Nixon visits China, embraces détente, SALT • Ford signs Helsinki Accords • Some Presidents don’t • Carter’s criticism, no SALT II • Reagan’s Star Wars (SDI)

5. Brezhnev A. 1964, Nikita Khrushchev removed from office. • Alexei Kosygin and Leonid Brezhnev replaced him. • During the 1970s, Brezhnev became the main Soviet leader. • Keep Eastern Europe as Communist states. • Issued the Brezhnev Doctrine • The Soviet Union had the right to intervene if communism was threatened in another Communist state.

6. Brezhnev B. Brezhnev benefited from détente, a relaxation of tension and improved relations between the USSR and the U.S. Under Brezhnev, the Soviet Union was allowed more access to Western culture. Dissidents—people who spoke out against the regime—were still punished.

7. Soviet Union Economy C. The Soviet Union’s economy continued to emphasize heavy industry. The Soviet economy was weakened by a government bureaucracy that discouraged efficiency and encouraged indifference. Collective farmers had no incentive to work hard in the collective work brigades.

8. Soviet Union and Afghanistan D. In 1979, détente suffered when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. President Carter countered this act of expansion by boycotting the 1980 Moscow Olympics and placing an embargo on the shipment of American grain to the Soviets. E. Ronald Reagan called the Soviet Union an “evil empire.” He stimulated a new arms race with the Soviets and backed Afghani rebels.

10. PERESTROIKA A. In 1985 the Communist Party chose Mikhail Gorbachev, a reformist, to be the new leader. The basis of his reforms was perestroika, or restructuring.

11. SOVIET PARLIAMENT B. Gorbachev wanted to start by restructuring economic policy, specifically having limited free enterprise. 1989, established the Congress of People’s Deputies—a Soviet parliament with elected leaders. Established a new state presidency and became the first—and last—Soviet president.

13. End of the Cold War C. Gorbachev’s “New Thinking” led to stunning changes, including the end of the Cold War. D. INF Treaty signed in 1987. Treaty slowed down the arms race Freeing funds for social and economic programs in the Soviet Union Reducing the debt in the U.S. E. Gorbachev stopped giving military support to Communist governments in Eastern Europe Those regimes began to be overthrown. In 1989, a mostly peaceful revolutionary movement swept through Eastern Europe.

14. SOVIET UNION DISSOLVED G. In 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved. The Soviet Union included 92 nationalities and 112 different languages. The Communist Party kept tensions between them contained. Gorbachev’s reforms unleashed nationalist movements calling for independence for the republics that made up the Soviet Union. Conservative leaders arrested Gorbachev in August 1991 and tried to seize power. Boris Yeltsin, the president of the Russian Republic, and thousands of Russians resisted the rebel forces.

16. SOVIET UNION DISSOLVED H. Ukraine and Belarus joined Russia in declaring that the Soviet Union had “ceased to exist.” Gorbachev resigned on December 25, 1991, and Boris Yeltsin became the new Russian president.

18. YELTSIN TO PUTIN I. Yeltsin wanted a free market economy. • Faced economic and social disorder made worse by organized crime and Chechnya’s push for independence. J. In 1999, Yeltsin resigned. • Vladimir Putin was elected president in 2000. • In fall 2004, proposed that regional leaders be appointed rather than popularly elected.

20. CHECHNYA Putin took a hard-line policy in Chechnya, vowing to return the largely Muslim state to Russian authority. In September 2004, rebels from Chechnya seized a school and held hundreds hostage. When Russian troops attempted to end the siege, the fighting between rebels and troops led to the deaths of more than 300 people, most of them schoolchildren. Many critics question Putin’s hard-line stance on this issue.

21. The Former Satellites • Poland’s Solidarity • Hungary’s Democratic Forum • Czechoslovakia’s split • Romania’s televised murder • Bulgaria’s United Dem. Front • East Germany’s Wall • Yugoslavia disintegrates

22. POLAND A. Workers’ protests led to demands for change. In 1980, Lech Walesa organized a national trade union in Poland known as Solidarity. In 1988, the Polish regime agreed to free parliamentary elections—the first free election in Eastern Europe in 40 years. In 1990, Walesa was elected president. Poland’s rapid free-market reforms led to severe unemployment and discontent. Today Poland’s free-market economy is becoming increasingly prosperous.

23. CZECHOSLOVAKIA B. In 1968, Soviet troops crushed the reform movement in Czechoslovakia. In 1988 and 1989, mass demonstrations led to the collapse of the Communist government. In December 1989, Václav Havel, a dissident against the Communist government, became president. In 1993 ethnic conflicts between Czechs and Slovaks led to the peaceful division into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

24. ROMANIA C. In 1965, Communist leader NicolaeCeaus¸escu and his wife Elena led a dictatorial regime in Romania. His actions angered Romanian people. The army refused to support his repressive regime and, in December 1989, Ceaus¸escu and his wife were executed. A new government was formed.

25. GERMANY REUNIFIED D. In 1988 unrest led many East Germans to flee their Communist country. In 1989, mass demonstrations against the Communist regime broke out. By November, the Communist government tore down the Berlin Wall and opened its border with the West. Large numbers of East Germans crossed the border. In 1990, East and West Germany were reunited and became a powerful symbol of the end of the Cold War.

26. YUGOSLAVIA A. By 1990, new political parties emerged and the Communist Party collapsed. B. In 1990, the Yugoslav republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia worked for independence. Slobodan Milos˘evic´, leader of Serbia, rejected independence. In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence. In September 1991, the Yugoslavian army attacked Croatia.

28. YUGOSLAVIA C. In 1992, the Serbs attacked Bosnia-Herzegovina. Many Bosnians were Muslims. The Serbs followed a policy of ethnic cleansing—killing them or forcibly removing them from their lands. In 1995 air strikes by NATO bombers helped Bosnian and Croatian forces regain territory lost to Serbia. On December 14, the Serbs signed a formal peace treaty splitting Bosnia into a loose union of a Serb republic and a Muslim-Croat Federation.

30. YUGOSLAVIA D. In 1998, a war began over Kosovo. In 1974, Tito had made Kosovo an autonomous, or self-governing, province within Yugoslavia. In 1989, Milos˘evic´ took away Kosovo’s autonomous status. Albanians fought against Serbian rule in Kosovo. Serbian forces massacred ethnic Albanians. The United States and NATO tried to arrange a settlement. In the fall elections of 2000, Milos˘evic´ was ousted from power, and tried for war crimes at the International Court of Justice for his role in the massacre of Kosovo civilians. In 2003, Serbia and Montenegro formed a republic.

32. The Cold War Ends • Gorbachev assumes power 1985 • Perestroika (restructuring) • Democratic reforms to government • Glasnost (openness) • Freedom of speech, press • Division between reformers and hardliners

33. Hardliners attempt coup • Boris Yeltsin (pro-dem) and others resist • Gorbachev resigns, communist party disbands • Satellites,15 republics granted independence • Attempting capitalist system

35. Challenges • Lack of organization • Military / Separatism • Disaster preparedness • Chernobyl & Armenia • Economic problems • Unity needed for survival • C.I.S.

36. The Unification of Europe • An economic union • The European Union • Formed by Maastrict treaty • Common currency– The Euro • No trade barriers • Goal: bring in Eastern and Southeastern Europe

37. America’s new enemies? • Communists? • North Korea, Cuba, China, Vietnam…hardly threats • Rogue Actors • Terrorists, Insurgents, Dictators, unilateral actors

38. Social Implications • Role of Women • Mothers, workers, activists, etc. • Immigrants • Culture • Postmodernism • Science and Technology • E-business, pollution • NGOs • Global solutions to global problems