1. Genetic Engineering

2. Genetic Engineering • This is any way the the genetic material of an organism is changed in order to have desired traits. • Geneticists have many techniques to do this.

3. Selective Breeding • This is the method of purposely mating different individuals with each other. • The goal of this is to have organisms with certain desired characteristics. • Ex. Plants that yield more fruit • Cows that produce more milk

4. Inbreeding • This is when two individuals with the same or very similar sets of alleles are crossed. • The offspring that are produced have similar traits as their parents • Inbreeding can be used to produce pure bred organisms • Pure bred dogs are a product of inbreeding • Golden retrievers, German shepherds, etc.

5. Negatives of Inbreeding • Produces little variation • Can lead to the inheritance of genetic disorders

6. Hybridization • When breeders cross genetically different individuals • The hybrid is meant to have the best traits from both of the parents • Ex. Corn with a lot of kernels and is resistant to disease.

7. Cloning • Cloning is the process in which scientists are able to produce genetically identical individuals. • A clone is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced from

8. Cloning Plants • Plants can be cloned by taking cuttings • A cutting can be a leaf or a stem • A cutting can grow an entirely new plant

9. Cloning Animals • Much more difficult than cloning a plant • You cannot use a cutting • Dolly was a sheep that was cloned • Scientists took the egg from one sheep, inserted the nucleus from the body cell of another sheep, and implanted the embryo into the third sheep.

11. Human Genome project • The objective is to sequence every gene in the human body.

12. Mutations • A mutation is any change in the gene or genome of an individual • This change can either be positive or negative. • Negative- Any thing that reduces an organisms likely hood of surviving and reproducing. • Ex. Cancer, a mutation causes cells to divide uncontrollably and can be life threatening • Positive- Anything that increases the likelihood of an organism surviving and reproducing

13. Mutations • Point Mutation- The changing of a single DNA base • Insertion- The addition of one base to a DNA sequence • Deletion- One nitrogenous base is removed from a sequence

15. Genetic Engineering in Bacteria • Scientists insert segments of human DNA into bacteria DNA • This causes the bacteria to produce things humans need • Insulin

17. Gene Therapy • This is when scientist insert working copies of genes into the cells of a person in order to correct a genetic disorder. • Hemophilia- Treated by injecting viruses with a specific genetic code. This genetic code becomes part of the host DNA to produce the necessary proteins and enzymes.