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Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering. Genetic Engineering. This is any way the the genetic material of an organism is changed in order to have desired traits. Geneticists have many techniques to do this. Selective Breeding. This is the method of purposely mating different individuals with each other.

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Genetic Engineering

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  1. Genetic Engineering

  2. Genetic Engineering • This is any way the the genetic material of an organism is changed in order to have desired traits. • Geneticists have many techniques to do this.

  3. Selective Breeding • This is the method of purposely mating different individuals with each other. • The goal of this is to have organisms with certain desired characteristics. • Ex. Plants that yield more fruit • Cows that produce more milk

  4. Inbreeding • This is when two individuals with the same or very similar sets of alleles are crossed. • The offspring that are produced have similar traits as their parents • Inbreeding can be used to produce pure bred organisms • Pure bred dogs are a product of inbreeding • Golden retrievers, German shepherds, etc.

  5. Negatives of Inbreeding • Produces little variation • Can lead to the inheritance of genetic disorders

  6. Hybridization • When breeders cross genetically different individuals • The hybrid is meant to have the best traits from both of the parents • Ex. Corn with a lot of kernels and is resistant to disease.

  7. Cloning • Cloning is the process in which scientists are able to produce genetically identical individuals. • A clone is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced from

  8. Cloning Plants • Plants can be cloned by taking cuttings • A cutting can be a leaf or a stem • A cutting can grow an entirely new plant

  9. Cloning Animals • Much more difficult than cloning a plant • You cannot use a cutting • Dolly was a sheep that was cloned • Scientists took the egg from one sheep, inserted the nucleus from the body cell of another sheep, and implanted the embryo into the third sheep.

  10. Human Genome project • The objective is to sequence every gene in the human body.

  11. Mutations • A mutation is any change in the gene or genome of an individual • This change can either be positive or negative. • Negative- Any thing that reduces an organisms likely hood of surviving and reproducing. • Ex. Cancer, a mutation causes cells to divide uncontrollably and can be life threatening • Positive- Anything that increases the likelihood of an organism surviving and reproducing

  12. Mutations • Point Mutation- The changing of a single DNA base • Insertion- The addition of one base to a DNA sequence • Deletion- One nitrogenous base is removed from a sequence

  13. Genetic Engineering in Bacteria • Scientists insert segments of human DNA into bacteria DNA • This causes the bacteria to produce things humans need • Insulin

  14. Gene Therapy • This is when scientist insert working copies of genes into the cells of a person in order to correct a genetic disorder. • Hemophilia- Treated by injecting viruses with a specific genetic code. This genetic code becomes part of the host DNA to produce the necessary proteins and enzymes.

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