Republican Ascendancy The Jeffersonian Vision 1800–1814

1. 8 Republican AscendancyThe Jeffersonian Vision1800–1814

2. President Jefferson In 1800, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr each received 73 electoral votes. The election was finally decided in February 1801 when the House of Representatives, on the thirty-sixth ballot, chose Jefferson by a vote of 10 to 4. This flag commemorates Jefferson’s victory in the election.

3. Republican Ascendancy1800–1814 • The Republic Expands • Jefferson as President • Race and Dissent Under Jefferson • Embarrassments Overseas • The Strange War of 1812

4. Limits Of Equality • Jeffersonians wanted strict Constitution, peaceful foreign relations, reduced government role in everyday lives • But once in power, Jefferson was forced to moderate goals • Constitution interpreted to purchase Louisiana Territory, regulated economy, led country to brink of war

5. The Republic Expands

6. The Republic Expands • An age of rapid population growth • 7.2 million in 1810; 2 million more than in 1800 • 20% black slaves • Children under sixteen the largest single group

7. The Republic Expands (cont’d) • Strong regional identities facilitated by transportation improvements and motivated by defensiveness • Early secession movements threatened national unity

8. Westward the Course of Empire • Intense migration to West after 1790 • New states • Kentucky—1792 • Tennessee—1796 • Ohio—1803 • Western regional culture rootless, optimistic

9. Pittsburgh View of the City of Pittsburgh in 1817, painted by a Mrs. Gibson while on her honeymoon. As the frontier moved west, Pittsburgh became an important commercial center.

10. Native American Resistance • Settlers bought land fraudulently • Native Americans resisted • Tecumseh led Shawnee; defeated in War of 1812 • Creek defeated by Andrew Jackson at Battle of Horseshoe Bend • Jefferson wanted Native Americans moved west of Mississippi and to become yeoman farmers with help of federal Indian agents

11. Tenskwatawa Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, provided spiritual leadership for the union of the native peoples he and his brother Tecumseh organized to resist white encroachment on Native American lands.

12. Commercial Life in the Cities • U.S. economy based on agriculture and trade (84% of population in agriculture) • American shipping prospered, 1793–1807 • Cities’ main function was international trade, otherwise marginal role in national life: only 7% of population was urban

13. Spinning Mill Although cotton was an important trade in the early nineteenth century, technological advances in textile production were slow to take hold. Some spinning mills, such as the one pictured here, were built in New England, but what historians call the “Industrial Revolution” did not begin for several more decades.

14. Commercial Life in the Cities (cont’d) • Commerce preferred, manufacturing seen as too risky • Samuel Slater an exception • Industrialization and mechanization just beginning to frighten skilled craftsmen

15. Jefferson as President

16. Jefferson as President • Jefferson’s personal style • Despised ceremonies and formality • Dedicated to intellectual pursuits • Jefferson’s goals as president • Reduce size and cost of government • Repeal Federalist legislation like the Sedition Act • Keep U.S. out of war

17. Jefferson as President (cont’d) • Jefferson was skillful politician • Good relations with Congressional leaders, never had to veto a bill • Picked talented, loyal men for his cabinet

18. Political Reforms • Cutting federal debt a priority • Tax system re-structured, direct taxes eliminated, federal revenue from customs • Military cut substantially • Cut government expenses • Republican ideology favored militia over standing army • Military professionalism kept by creating Army Corps of Engineers and West Point

19. Political Reforms (cont’d) • Federalists fell apart • Moderate Federalists allowed to remain bureaucracy and were co-opted by Republicans • Many leaders like Jay retired from public life • Campaigning to commoners seen as demeaning • Westward expansion favored Republicans

20. The Louisiana Purchase • Spain gave Louisiana to France, New Orleans closed to American ships • Jefferson saw New Orleans as vital to U.S. • Sent James Monroe to negotiate its purchase • Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million

21. The Louisiana Purchase (cont’d) • Importance: it would help make America a first-rank power • Constitution vague on power to acquire land inhabited by foreigners

22. The Louisiana Purchase (cont’d) • Louisiana French and Spanish inhabitants unfamiliar with Republican principles • Louisiana Government Act denied Louisiana self-rule • Another Jeffersonian departure from Republicanism

23. The Lewis and Clark Expedition • Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to purchase of Louisiana • Goal to find if Missouri River goes to Pacific and to explore flora and fauna

24. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (cont’d) • Sacagawea critical in helping expedition deal with nature and Native Americans whom they encountered • Report on Louisiana’s economic promise confirmed Jefferson’s desire to purchase

25. Race and Dissent Under Jefferson

26. Race and Dissent Under Jefferson • North African states demanded tribute from ships sailing in Mediterranean • Jefferson refused and dispatched U.S. fleet to intimidate Barbary states

27. Race and Dissent Under Jefferson (cont’d) • Attacks failed and U.S. ended up paying ransom for crew of U.S.S. Philadelphia • U.S. finally forced negotiation with a blockade • Jefferson won re-election overwhelmingly

28. Map 8.1 The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and Clark Not until Lewis and Clark had explored the Far West did citizens of the United States realize just how much territory Jefferson had acquired through the Louisiana Purchase.

29. TABLE 8.1 The Election of 1804

30. Attack on the Judges • Judiciary Act of 1801 created new circuit courts filled with loyal Federalists • 1802—Jeffersonians repealed Judiciary Act • Marbury v. Madison (1803) ruled Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

31. Attack on the Judges (cont’d) • 1803—Federalist John Pickering impeached • Jefferson seeks to impeach Federalist Samuel Chase • Republican Senate refused to convict

32. The Slave Trade • Constitution had said Congress could consider banning importation of slaves after 1808 • Jefferson asked for and Congress approved such a ban

33. The Internal Slave Trade Although the external slave trade was officially outlawed in 1808, the commerce in humans persisted. An estimated 250,000 African slaves were brought illicitly to the United States between 1808 and 1860. The internal slave trade also continued. Folk artist Lewis Miller sketched this slave coffle marching from Virginia to new owners in Tennessee under the watchful eyes of mounted white overseers.

34. The Slave Trade (cont’d) • Sectional conflict over what to do with captured slaves • Northerners could not agree • Southerners demanded states regulate slavery • Law said states deal with captured smuggled slaves

35. Embarrassments Overseas

36. Embarrassments Overseas • 1803—England and France resumed war • American ships subject to seizure • By England through “Orders in Council” • By Napoleon through Berlin, Milan Decrees

37. Embarrassments Overseas (cont’d) • Chesapeake vs. Leopard: public demanded war • Jefferson refused war to preserve financial reform and recognized that his military cuts had left nation ill prepared for war

38. Embargo Divides the Nation • 1807—Congress prohibited U.S. ships from leaving port • Purpose: to win English, French respect for American rights • Embargo unpopular at home • Detailed government oversight of commerce • Army suppressed smuggling • New England economy damaged

39. The Embargo Act The Ograbme (embargo spelled backward) snapping turtle, created by cartoonist Alexander Anderson, is shown here biting an American tobacco smuggler who is breaking the embargo.

40. A New Administration Goes to War • 1808—James Madison elected president • Macon’s Bill Number Two-trade with both England and France • Napoleon promised to observe U.S. rights but reneges when trade re-opened

41. A New Administration Goes to War (cont’d) • Frontier people believed British were encouraging Tecumseh, but he was defeated at Battle of Tippecanoe, forcing him to turn to Britain

42. TABLE 8.2 The Election of 1808

43. Fumbling Toward Conflict • Congressional War Hawks demanded war with England to preserve American honor • British repealed Orders-in-Council as Madison was asking for declaration of war • War aims somewhat vague

44. Fumbling Toward Conflict (cont’d) • Difference between War Hawks and Madison administration over purpose of invading Canada • Election of 1812 showed division over war

45. *Clinton was nominated by a convention of antiwar Republicans and endorsed by the Federalists.

46. The Strange War of 1812

47. The Strange War of 1812:Early Course • Americans unprepared for war • Congress refused to raise wartime taxes • United States Army small • State militias inadequate

48. Fighting The British • Most attacks against Canada failed • Two key exceptions in 1813 • Oliver Hazard Perry won control of Great Lakes for U.S. in Battle of Put-In Bay • William Henry Harrison defeated British and Indians at Battle of Thames

49. Map 8.2 War of 1812 The major battles of the War of 1812 brought few lasting gains to either the British or the Americans.

50. Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Federalists • Federalists convened in December, 1814 • Proposed constitutional changes to lessen power of South and West • Treaty of Ghent, victory of New Orleans made Convention appear disloyal • Federalist party never recovered