Genetic Engineering

1. Genetic Engineering

2. What is genetic engineering? Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating genes for practical purposes. Building of recombinant DNA: DNA made from two or more different organisms.

3. Many General Steps All types of genetic engineering use one or more of these steps: Specific gene (DNA) is cut with special restriction enzymes Recombinant DNA is produced Gene is cloned (replicated in bacteria) Cells are screened to see if the desired gene is present

4. Important Terms Cutting DNA: done by restriction enzymes that cut specific nucleotides Vector is used to carry the gene of interest into another cell Types of Vectors: Viruses Yeast (multiplies FAST) Bacteria - Plasmids (circular DNA molecules that can replicate immediately)

5. Gene Cloning Is the process of making many copies of one gene of interest when the host cell reproduces (Vector) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) procedure is used for massive replication (commonly used to solve crimes)

6. Screening for Gene One method to see if a gene is present is called the Southern Blot. DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis (carry electricity) Wanted bands of genes are tagged with probes (radioactive labeling) so they can be identified

7. Basic Genetic Engineering of Bacteria

8. Steps for Insulin Those bacteria with + plasmid is used to produce insulin for diabetics. Bacteria with Insulin making gene is isolated and Insulin is used for medicine

9. Genetic Engineering Topics Medical uses Agriculture uses Animal uses Identifying organisms

10. Medical Uses Medicines are made in order for the human body to create proteins missing and causing illness or genetic disorders. Vaccines where you are injected with a DEAD disease and your immune system develops an attack in the future. Gene Therapy is putting a healthy set of genes into cells of a person that is lacking them so proteins that are missing can be made.

11. Agriculture Uses Help plants and crops survive � Chickpeas at WSU and India to reduce disease and help with strong stems Create new varieties that taste better Sometimes more healthy varieties (Olean)

12. Animal Uses Transgenic animals are those that have foreign DNA (from another animal) in their bodies. Making of proteins that cannot be made in bacteria Cloning of specialized cells and organs for future transplants Used to help diagnose diseases: Rabies and others

13. Identification Not only to catch those criminals by DNA fingerprinting Can be used to identify genetic similarities in organisms (find out where who their ancestors are � NEXT topic) Human Genome Project : Goals Chromosomes

14. Eyes of Nye Cloning Video Take a full page of notes in your lab notebook. Be detailed in your notes, they will be your only source for a later assignment.

15. Genetically Engineered Food

16. Genetic Engineering: Food Genetically Modified (GM) Foods are made from organisms that have been given specific traits through genetic engineering Identify gene Inserted in the plant through a vector

17. The Lingo� GE: Genetically Engineered, talks about everything GMO: Genetically Modified Organisms GM: Genetically Modified � followed by the general name of the organism such as food

18. Examples

19. ***How farming has changed over time?*** Past: Selective Breeding Present: Homogenous gene modification Present to the future: Transferring DNA to and from all different living things.

20. Herbicide Resistant Crops: CONS Vs PROS Less soil erosion with the use of herbicide resistant crops If the gene escapes into the environment, these plants will have no advantage over other plants because there is no herbicide sprayed in the wild. Danger of creating super weeds These are based on gene escape via pollen, pollinating wild relatives that then produce offspring which contain the modified gene

21. Increased Food Production:CONS Vs PROS Experts believe that the increase in food production will lead to intensive agriculture, which can be very harmful to the environment Since GM products deliver a 10% yield increase, one can view the 10% increase in food production as using 10% less land This leads to a decreased need for intensive agriculture

22. Effect on Biodiversity: CONS Vs PROS Invasion of genetically modified organisms Especially with herbicide resistant plants. Once they are harvested part would remain in the soil and grow when unwanted Invasion occurs even when natural organisms are introduced to new environments Examples of these natural instances include bracken and gorse

23. Possible Harm to Humans: CONS Vs PROS People may have severe allergies to the genetically modified food but not be aware of it Also mixing genes of highly allergenic foods with other foods cause the other food to be allergenic, and many may ingest it without knowing Most allergens have a common feature and their allergenic properties can be reliably predicted With genetic engineering, foods that many people are allergic to may be altered genetically to not cause allergic reactions

24. Ethical Problems Many believe scientists should not play God or interfere with the natural world Inserting animal genes into other foods may cause problems with vegetarians and religious groups that do not eat certain animals

25. Images

26. Resources http://www.cspinet.org/nah/11_01/index.html 1. The genetically engineered foods that are currently on the market are safe. By increasing yields and reducing the use of pesticides, they benefit farmers and the environment. 2. To ensure that new genetically engineered plants and animals are safe for humans and the environment, Congress should institute a mandatory government approval process that is open to public participation and review. 3. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should monitor the environmental impact of genetically engineered crops. It should require more field testing, enforce insect refuges for Bt crops, and adopt other environmental safeguards. 4. The U.S. government should fund more research on genetic engineering, especially on fruits, vegetables, and other crops that are not of great commercial interest to the biotechnology companies. 5. To enable developing nations to benefit from biotechnology, the U.S. government should: fund research and the training of scientists, help countries develop regulations to ensure the safe use of genetic engineering to produce food, and press biotech companies to donate technologies and allow free access to patents that are used to produce genetically engineered seeds and animals

27. DNA as Destiny

28. Answer the questions individually FIRST, then discuss How would you feel about having your genes mapped? What do you think of cloning genes? Take a side and explain why.

29. DNA as Destiny In your lab book title page, DNA as Destiny Together as a group you can read the article (divide into sections and summarize for each other) As an individual you will answer the questions without discussion After everyone is finished answering individually, you will discuss with group Be prepared to have one person share with the whole class what your view is as a group

30. DNA as Destiny Reflection:

31. Bioethics

32. Bioethics How would you decide on what research or Manipulation is right or wrong? It is Difficult� It is the subject of BioEthics �

33. What are BioEthics? Definition: The branch of ethics that studies moral values in the biomedical sciences, implications of new biological discoveries and biomedical advances Use to determine a personal opinion or choice about controversial Biological topics But first, we need to understand the decision making skills process

34. Bioethics Assignment

35. Bio Ethics Activity For ALL 3 topics you must have: A graphic organizer laying out your viewpoint Another viewpoint listed on ONE of the topic � also using the graphic organizer Total of 5 decision making processes with graphic organizer made on own sheet of paper (INDIVIDUALLY) including your first Decision

36. GATTACA

37. GATTACA Questions On a separate piece of paper head with name, period, GATTACA Answer the questions that are taped to your desk throughout the movie. (DO not remove these questions)

38. Recap what went on in GATTACA� What was different about Vincent and Anton? You should be to question 8 or 9

39. Benefits to Developing Countries Plants resistant to pests and natural seasonal problems Require less energy input Easier to Farm Crops would have higher nutritional value than regular crops

40. Opposition Mostly from developed countries like Europe and the US Half of US corn and soybean crops are genetically modified