Practice Quiz Chapter 2 Moral Strength

1. Practice Quiz Chapter 2 Moral Strength Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10 MAIN MENU To Exit: Press Escape

2. 1. Compatibilism (Soft determinism) is BEST described as a. the position that human beings have free will, that is, the capability to choose one event over another despite the possible determinants of those events. b. the view that we are free to the extent that --in a ordinary sense of "self"-- the self contributes to the proximate, relevant and salient causes of an action. c. the claims that, since only one event can result from any configuration of causes, then every event could not have been other than what it was, including human behavior; therefore it is not possible for us to act freely. d. the view that all human behavior is determined and could not be other than what it is, given the conditions and laws that pertain to human beings.

3. 2. All of the following are claims of hard determinism EXCEPT: a. every event has a cause. b. given the configuration of causes of an event, that event, and only that event, could have occurred. c. no human actions are free. d. only those human actions caused by higher conscious cortical functions are free.

4. 3. Libertarianism is best described as a. the view that we are free to the extent that we contribute significantly to the cause of our own behavior. b. the position that human beings have free will, an entity that transcends the causal chain of events, and is not determined by the brain or body, but which has the capability to choose one course of events over another despite other possible determinants of those events. c. the claim that every event has a determinate cause, including human behavior. d. the view that there is a compatibility between the claim that every event has a cause and that human beings are free.

5. 4. Morally weak persons are best described as: • a. those who have no sense of right or wrong. • persons who believe, generally, that acting in a certain way is wrong, but may often fail to resist those passions or appetites which urge them to do what is contrary to their beliefs in this regard. • c. persons who have a general sense of what is right, have strong moral sentiment, but still feel a struggle between their desires and the right thing to do; yet, even in the face of what tempts them, they are most often capable of overcoming or resisting that urge. • d. persons who seldom succumb to moral blindness or emotional hijacking.

6. INCORRECT Rationale: a morally weak person may have a sense of right and wrong, but still fails to act on what he or she believes is the right thing to do. Try Again View tutorial on Moral Strength

7. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more accurately a characterization of moral strength. Try Again View tutorial on Moral Strength

8. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more accurately a description of someone with moral strength. Try Again View tutorial on Moral Strength

9. CORRECT Next Question

10. 5. Moral luck is BEST described as: • a. choosing the right thing by accident. • b. choosing the right thing to do unintentionally. • the good fortune of having a good temperament and sanguine personality; of not being thrown into morally difficult circumstances; and having no morally unanticipated consequences result from our choices and actions. • d. being given the opportunity to choose the right thing.

11. INCORRECT Try again View Tutorial on moral luck

12. INCORRECT Try again View Tutorial on moral luck

13. INCORRECT Try again View Tutorial on moral luck

14. CORRECT Next Question

15. 6. Under Aristotle's classification of actions, killing another out of self-defense would be a case of: a. voluntary behavior b. acting under duress c. acting in ignorance d. acting out of ignorance

16. INCORRECT Rationale: since in typical cases of self- defense, a person is threatened by another against one’s will, it would be considered an involuntary act. Try again View tutorial on responsibility

17. INCORRECT Rationale: since such acts are done deliberately, then a person cannot be acting in ignorance. Try again View tutorial on responsibility

18. INCORRECT Rationale: since such acts are done deliberately, then a person cannot be acting in ignorance. Try again View tutorial on responsibility

19. CORRECT Next Question

20. 7. Under Aristotle's classification, acts committed while mentally ill (as in the case of schizophrenia) would be considered cases of: a. voluntary behavior b. acting under duress c. acting in ignorance d. acting negligently

21. INCORRECT Rationale: since a mentally ill person may not be fully competent, such acts are not voluntary. View tutorial on responsibility Try again

22. INCORRECT Rationale: since there is no outward compulson, but the person is incompetent, then it cannot be acting under duress. View tutorial on responsibility Try again

23. INCORRECT Rationale: since such persons are incompetent, they a person cannot be acting out of ignorance. Try again View tutorial on responsibility

24. CORRECT Next Question

25. Responsibility for an action is determined by all of the • following considerations EXCEPT: • causation; that the person’s actions were the proximate, • relevant, and salient cause of the outcome. • accountability; that the person was under some obligation to • refrain from the action • voluntariness; the degree of control a person has over his or her • actions. • moral luck; the kind of situations a person finds herself in, and • the sort of temperament and personality a person has to deal • with them.

26. INCORRECT Rationale: causation is a critical factor in determining the responsibility for an action. Try Again View tutorial on responsibility

27. INCORRECT Rationale: accountability is a critical factor in determining the responsibility for an action. Try Again View tutorial on responsibility

28. INCORRECT Rationale: voluntariness is a critical factor in determining the responsibility for an action. Try Again View tutorial on responsibility

29. CORRECT Next Question

30. 9. Autonomy is BEST described as: • a. freedom to do whatever one feels like doing. • self-mastery, that is, control over one's passions and desires, and, self-direction, that is, using freely chosen rules or principles to guide one's behavior. • c. a version of hard determinism. • d. the absence of coercion.

31. INCORRECT Rationale: the freedom to do whatever one wants may simply be giving into one’s basic desires, which actually shows a lack of self-control; autonomy stresses the idea of self-control and self-legislation. Try again View tutorial on Autonomy

32. INCORRECT Rationale: hard determinism is a theory which suggests that there is no such thing as free will. Try again View tutorial on Autonomy

33. INCORRECT Rationale: the absence of coercion, that is, the absence of external constraint, is one factor in autonomy; but autonomy also consists in inner control. Try again View tutorial on Autonomy

34. CORRECT Next Question

35. 10. Self-control, understood as an aspect of autonomy, can be BEST defined as: • the ability to have control over one's inner life, in terms of one's • passions, emotions and desires. • b. the ability to have control over events in your life, to overcome obstacle and difficulty in carrying out plans. • c. the ability to devise plans for your life; the ability to establish a code for your behavior; the development of vision for one's life. • d. moral luck.

36. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more accurately the definition of self-efficacy, which is one aspect of autonomy. Try again View tutorial on Autonomy

37. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more accurately the definition of self-direction, which is one aspect of autonomy. Try again View tutorial on Autonomy

38. INCORRECT Rationale: moral luck has to do with the moral predispositions of one’s moral character, and the consequences of one’s actions, than the issue of autonomy. Try again View tutorial on Autonomy

39. CORRECT MAIN MENU To Exit: Press Escape

40. the position that human beings have free will, that is, the • capability to choose one event over another despite the possible • determinants of those events. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more correctly the definition of libertarianism. Compatibilism argues that our actions are free to the extent that they are self-caused, i.e., that the self is the salient and relevant cause of those events. View tutorial on compatibilism Try again

41. b. the view that we are free to the extent that --in a ordinary sense of "self"-- the self contributes to the proximate, relevant and salient causes of an action. CORRECT Next Question

42. c. the claims that, since only one event can result from any configuration of causes, then every event could not have been other than what it was, including human behavior; therefore it is not possible for us to act freely. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more correctly a definition of determinism. Compatibilism argues that our actions are free to the extent that they are self-caused, i.e., that the self is the salient and relevant cause of those events. View tutorial on compatibilism Try again

43. d. the view that all human behavior is determined and could not be other than what it is, given the conditions and laws that pertain to human beings. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more correctly a definition of determinism. Compatibilism argues that our actions are free to the extent that they are self-caused, i.e., that the self is the salient and relevant cause of those events. View tutorial on compatibilism Try again

44. a. every event has a cause. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for a thesis not associated with determinism. This is a thesis which determinism holds. View tutorial on Determinism Try again

45. b. given the configuration of causes of an event, that event, and only that event, could have occurred. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for a thesis not associated with determinism. This is a thesis which determinism holds. View tutorial on Determinism Try again

46. c. no human actions are free. INCORRECT Rationale: the question asks for a thesis not associated with determinism. This is a thesis which determinism holds. View tutorial on Determinism Try again

47. d. only those human actions caused by higher conscious cortical functions are free. CORRECT Rationale: this is more correctly a thesis of compatibilism. Determinism argues that human action is not free even in this case. Next question

48. the view that we are free to the extent that we contribute • significantly to the cause of our own behavior. INCORRECT Rationale: this is more correctly a definition of compatibilism. Libertarianism argues that our actions are free since there is an entity or self that transcends causal determinants in making decisions. View tutorial on libertarianism Try again

49. b. the position that human beings have free will, an entity that transcends the causal chain of events, and is not determined by the brain or body, but which has the capability to choose one course of events over another despite other possible determinants of those events. CORRECT MAIN MENU To Exit: Press Escape

50. c. the claim that every event has a determinate cause, including human behavior. INCORRECT Rationale: this is a claim made by determinism, not libertarianism. Libertarianism argues that our actions are free since there is an entity or self that transcends causal determinants in making decisions. View tutorial on libertarianism Try again