Fundamental Rights

1. Fundamental Rights

2. FundamentalRights FundamentalRights are incorporatedfromAricle 12 to 35 in the ThirdChapter (Part) of the Indian Constitution. Rights are the basic facilitieswhichweneed for ourgrowth. These are the claims of individualrecognised by the society and enforced by the State. The existence of Democracycan’tbeimaginedwithoutFundamentalRights in IndiabecauseRights are the pillars of Democracy.

3. Why do we call theseRights as Fundamental? • TheseRights are incorporated in the thirdChapter (Part) of the Constitution of India. • Theyafford a basis for the development of an Individual. • The people and officials of India are ought to enjoytheserights.

4. Nature of Rights • Fundamentalrights are equal to all. • Rights are justiciable • Fundamentalrights are not absolute. • Theylimit the authority of the central and state governments. • Fundamentalrightsdistinguishbetweencitizens and foreignnationals. • Theycanbesuspendedduring emergency. • ParliamentcanamendFundamentalrights.

5. FundamentalRights (12 – 35) • Right to Equality • Right to Freedom • Right Against Exploitation • Right to Freedom of Religion • Cultural and Educational Rights • Right to Constitutional Remedies

6. FundamentalRights Article 12 {Definition} In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, "the State" includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. Article 13 {Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights} (1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.

7. Right to Equality Article 14 to 18

8. Right to Equality, Article-14 to 18 • Equalitybeforelaw Article-14 providesthat «the state shall not deny to anypersonequalitybeforelaw or the equal protection of lawwithin the territory of India ». • Prohibition of Discrimination, Article-15 (on grounds of religion,race,caste,sex or place of birth) • Equality of Opportunity Article-16 (in matters of public employment) • Abolition of Untouchability Article-17 • Abolition of Titles Article-18

9. Right to Freedom Article 19 to 22

10. Right to Freedom (19 – 22) • Freedom of speech and expression Article-19 • Freedom of Press – (Article-361) A has been insertedaccording to which the press has been given the power to publish an account of the proceedings of the IndianParliament and states legislatures. • Right to information islinked to the freedom of speech and expression granted in Article 19 in the constitution. • Freedom to assemble peacefullywithoutArms. • Freedom to form associations and unions. • Freedom to move freelythroughout the territory of India. • Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India. • Freedom to practiseany profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. • Protection in respect of conviction of an offence Article-20 • Protection of life and personal liberty Article-21 • Right to education Article-21 A • Protection againstarrest and detentionagainst certain cases Article-22

11. Right against Exploitation Article 23-24

12. Right Against Exploitation, Article 23-24 • Prohibition of traffic in humanbeings and forced labour. Article 23 • Prohibition of compulsary services Article-23 : underthis article the state can not force people to do compulsory service for public purposes. • Prohibition of Child Labour Article-24: Childrenbelow the age of forteenyearswill not beallowed to work in factories, mines or in otherdangerous places sothattheirhealthis not adverselyaffected.

13. Right to Religious Freedom Article 25 to 28

14. Right to Freedom of Religion, Article 25 to 28 • Freedom to profess and propagateany religion, Article-25 • Freedom to manage religiousaffairs, Artcle-26 • Freedom not to pay taxes for the promotion of anyparticular religion, Article-27 • No religious instructions in governmenteducational institutions, Artcle-28(1) • In privateeducational institutions religiouseducation not against the will, Article-28(3)

15. Cultural and educational rights Article 29 to 30

16. Cultural and educationalrights,Article 29 to 30 • Protection againstinterest of minorities,Article-29(1) • Freedom to get admission in educationalinstitutions,Article-29(2) • Right to minorities to establisheducationalinstitutions,Article-30(1) • No discrimination whilegivinggrants-Article-30(2)

17. Right to Constitutional Remedies. Article-32

18. Right to constitutionalremedies,Article-32 • Article-31(1), providesthat a citizencanapproach the supreme court of India by due process of law for the implementation of the FundamentalRightsincluded in Chapter 3 of the constitution. • Article-32(2), the Supreme court of India has the right to issue writs in the nature of the Habeas Corpus,Mandamus,Prohibition,etc. • Article-32(3), The IndianParliamentcanempowerany court to issue notice withinitsjurisdictionwithoutinfringing or influencing the powers of the Supreme Court of India. • Article-32(4), the state cannot suspend the right to constitutionalremediesexcept in cases provided in the Indian Constitution.

19. Critical Evaluation of Fundamental Rights Public Opinion

20. Criticalevaluation of fundamentalrights • No rightsoutside the constitution • Toomany limitations • PreventiveDetention and Fundamentalrights • Rightscanbesuspendedduring emergency • Absence of Economicrights • Vague and complexlanguage • Supremacy of Parliament over FundamentalRights • Special concessions for minorities and backward classes are against the Principle of Equality.

21. Importance of Human Rights • Foundation of democracy • Check on the arbitrariness of the Government • Createproper conditions for the development of Men • Foundation of Rule of law • Establishment of Secular state • Protection of the interests of the minorities • Reconciliationbetweenindividualinterests and social interests.

22. Thank You