By B Sitaula, Z Kimbi and JA Matovelo

1. Possible synergies with proposed triangular NOMA master study and developing new idea of research collaboration By B Sitaula, Z Kimbi and JA Matovelo

2. Norad’s Programme for Master Studies (NOMA)

3. AIM OF NOMA PROGRAMME • The overall aim of the NOMA programme is to contribute to the education of staff in all sectors in Norways’s main partner countries and other selected countries through building capacity at the Master level in higher education institutions in the South

4. Objectives of NOMA • Collaboration North – South (and south) • Capacity strengthening in the South • New Master programme in the South • Relevance – need of the society in the South • Gender equity • Include development perspectives in Northern universities

5. Eligible academic fields • Education • Environment, economic development and trade • Gender • Governance, democratic development human rights and migration • Health, HIV/AIDS • Oil and energy • Peace and conflict resolution

6. Eligible institutions • Higher Education Institutions in the South that are fully recognised/accredited by the national authorities in the country where they have their campus • Norwegian institutions which are members of the Norwegian Association of Higher Education Institutions (UHR) in Norway and have accredited Master programmes through NOKUT

7. Developing a Triangular Master's Programme in International Environmental Studies & Sustainable Resource Utilisation • Develop and implement a Master's degree programme for capacity building in global change science for adaptive management of natural resources in Africa and Asia, and addressing the recent development in global change scenario. • Promote South-South collaboration in higher education through support from the North

8. Project Features • Triangular project: UMB, KU, and SUA • International MSc programme to be run at KU • Students from Tanzania and Nepal • Residential program at Dhulikhel campus • Cohorts of 15 students only • 2 cohorts to be completed within project cycle

9. New ideas of reserach collaboration • Land use change and forest/soil restoration effects on carbon pools and fluxes in selected sites in Tanzania: a collaborative research and capacity building programme • Partners: • UMB • SUA

10. OBJECTIVES • The overall objective of the proposed programme is to analyse the effects of forest restoration and alternative land use on forest and soil carbon sequestration and enhancement of livelihood security of rural communities in Tanzania. The specific objectives are: • To review the relevant studies on land use and its changes, forest and soil degradation, and, carbon dynamics, greenhouse gas emission in the study area, establishing the relationship between changes in land use, forest and soil degradation, climate gas fluxes and carbon sequestration. • To demonstrate the effects of forest restoration and alternate land use (e.g., agroforestry with high value medicinal and aromatic plants) on biomass and soil carbon pools and fluxes and their implications for livelihood security, carbon sequestration and climate change. • To enhance the capacities of the participating institutions for enabling REDD strategy formulation and implementation through quantifying and conducting research in carbon dynamics and managing carbon for increased sequestration contributing to mitigation of climate change.

11. Increased atmospheric carbon and GHGs Adverse climatic effects, global warming Vicious cycle of poverty Improper LU & mgmt. deforestation, Forest and soil degradation Droughts, floods, reduced productivity & yields, crop quality decline, increased production risks, uncertainty Population pressures; poor technology choice; ineffective governing policies, legal regime & institutions; lack of technical capacity/knowhow Unsustainability Proposed forest/soil restoration programme implemented Food /livelihood insecurity, adverse socio-economic impacts, increased poverty Without REDD Status quo Demonstration plots & baseline survey REDD Strategies Knowledge synthesis & research REDD implemented Better managed resources Participatory training and capacity building Alternative LU & management Restored forests, inc. C sequestration in vegetative biomass Improved LU & carbon management, inc. soil C sequestration Policy recommendations & strategy formulation Reduced C emissions Sustainable resource use Increased income from NTFPs, MAPs, & high value crops, enhanced livelihood & food security, poverty reduced

12. Few examples of Research

13. Location of Study area(Mardi Watershed)

14. Land use pattern of the Mardi Watershed

15. Dominant land uses of Mardi watershed Grazing (722 ha) Bari (1345 ha) Forest (9042 ha) Khet (1810 ha)

16. Bari (Maize-millet cropping system in slopping terraces)

17. Khet (irrigated rice field)

18. Grazing land

19. Forest

20. Sampling Site SN Land use Coordinates Altitude Vegetation/Crop rotation 1 Khet N 28º 19.7’ E 83º 53.4’ 1120 m Rice-Wheat-Fallow 2 Forest N 28º 19.4’ E 83º 52.4’ 1219 m Schima-Castanopsis forest 3 Bari N 28º 19.2’ E 83º 52.3’ 1550 m Maize-Millet-Fallow 4 Grazing N 28º 20.1’ E 83º 51.6’ 1966 m Sparse Trees, shrubs and grass

21. Sampling and Analysis • Incremental soil sampling down to bed rock or to 1 m soil depth (0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100 cm) • SOC content • Bulk Density • Gravel and stone content • Aggregate fractionation • CO2 emission

22. C-stock = d x BD x C-content x CFst Where, C-stock (kg/m2) d: depth of horizon (m) BD: bulk density (kg/m3) C-content (g/g) CFst: Correction factor for stoniness and gravel content; CFst = 1-(%stone +%gravel)/100

23. Results

24. Depthwise soil organic carbon content in four land use types

25. Variation in soil bulk density with soil depth

26. Stone and Gravel content in the different depths of four land uses

27. Depthwise SOC stock at different soil depth on four land use types

28. Distribution of estimated SOC stock among land uses in the watershed

29. Distribution of estimated SOC stock among land uses in the watershed

30. Comparision of SOC stock at 0-1 m soil depth

31. HA/FA ratio in soil as indicator of degree of humification

32. Example on fluxes of greenhouse gases from land usesOBJECTIVES • To quantify seasonal fluxes of greenhouse gases CO2, N2O and CH4 in soil on four different land uses. • To investigate the fluxes of greenhouse gases in relation to soil, climatic and topographic factors: - Soil temperature - Rainfall - Altitude - SOC content -Nitrogen input

33. MATERIALS AND METHODS

34. The experimental site Mardi Watershed

35. Fluxes of greenhouse gases were measured from: • Four regular monitoring sites representing 4 dominant land uses (4 replicates on each site) • Rain fed maize and millet (Bariland) • Irrigated rice paddy (Khet land) • Grazing land • Forest land • Two transects along the elevation gradient at 200m interval (4 replicates in each point)

36. Highest data point 3200m Transact points Location of sampling points along two transects

37. Soil pH: 5.25-5.5 Nitrogen: 0.19 % -0.27 % Bulk density: 0.95-1.10 g\cm3 Texture: Loamy sand FYM\Compost: 15 t\ha Crop rotation:Maize-Millet-Fallow Bari Land

38. Khet land Soil pH: 6.1-6.9 Nitrogen: 0.06 % -0.08 % Bulk density: 1.30-1.50 g\cm3 Texture: Sandy loam Fertilization\Manure: 2.5 t \ha Crop rotation: Paddy –Wheat or Paddy-fallow

39. Grazingland Soil pH: 4.5-4.9 Nitrogen: 0.26% -0.67 % Bulk density: 0.95-1.10 g\cm3 Texture:Sandy loam Grazing: Free grazing(buffalos, cows and goats, sheep)

40. Forest land Soil pH: 4.5-5.1 Nitrogen: 0.29% -0.35% Bulk density: 0.9-1.10 g\cm3 Texture: Loamy sand Forest type:Mixed hardwood (Castanopsis indica, Schima wallichii and Alnus nepalensis)

41. Sampling Site SN Land use Coordinates Altitude Vegetation/Crop rotation 1 Khet N 28º 19.7’ E 83º 53.4’ 1120 m Rice-Wheat-Fallow 2 Forest N 28º 19.4’ E 83º 52.4’ 1219 m Schima-Castanopsis forest 3 Bari N 28º 19.2’ E 83º 52.3’ 1550 m Maize-Millet-Fallow 4 Grazing N 28º 20.1’ E 83º 51.6’ 1966 m Sparse Trees, shrubs and grass

42. Gas sampling and analysis Soil cover methodwas used to collect gas samples. Gas Chromatographywas used to analyse the CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes simultaneously ( Sitaula et al.,1992).

43. Results

44. Variation in CO2 flux (error bar = mean±SE, n=4), temperature and rainfall over a year

45. Seasonal accumulated CO2 flux

46. Variation in N2O flux (error bar = mean±SE, n=4), temperature and rainfall over a year.

47. Seasonal accumulated N2O flux

48. Variation in CH4flux (error bar = mean±SE, n=4), temperature and rainfall over a year.

49. Seasonal accumulated CH4 uptake

50. Field fluxes of GHG and soil temperature along the transects with increasing elevation.