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History

History. Sit back and relax Make sure you’ve got a drink!. Prepared for you by Eugene V. Bobukh. Probably, it all began some 13,600,000,000 years ago…. This permits complexification, life, and space explorers. Somewhat later. The Firsts…. Rocket: China, ~1300 AC

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History

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  1. History Sit back and relax Make sure you’ve got a drink! Prepared for you by Eugene V. Bobukh

  2. Probably, it all began some 13,600,000,000 years ago… This permits complexification, life, and space explorers

  3. Somewhat later. The Firsts… • Rocket: China, ~1300 AC • Documented (?) successful (??) human flight on a rocket: Lagari Hasan Çelebi, Ottoman Turkey, 1633 • “Space” sci-fi: Somnium by Johannes Kepler, ~1630, Germany • Detailed research on rockets for space travel: 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russia • Liquid fuel rocket: Robert Goddard, USA, 1926 • Burst of sci-fi describing interplanetary, interstellar and even intergalactic flight: 1860-1960

  4. 1942. V-2. Nazi’s Germany built the first ballistic missile. First rocket to reach space, 1944

  5. 1945-1957. Nuclear race. USSR and USA design and build rockets. Goal: nuke the other side of the ocean. Sergei Korolev, the lead Soviet rocket program engineer, introduced the game we all play since then: SPACE FLIGHT.

  6. 1957. Sputnik. The plan called for a heavy scientific laboratory, later known as Sputnik 3 (1958). Time pressure, political pressure, production delays => the world-famous simple sphere. The R-7 rocket used is still in service after some modifications (known as Soyuz today).

  7. 1957. Laika. Launched onboard Sputnik 2 in November 1957, she was never meant to return. As the temperature control system failed, she survived for several hours only.

  8. 1958. First nuclear tests in space. Both USA and USSR. Banned and stopped in 1962. The image in the left is Hardtack-Orange 3.8 Mt at 43 km altitude (so it’s still somewhat atmospheric). The first test over 100 km (Argus, 200 km) done in 1958, too. Most of space exploration is a side product, a debris after feeding the *military* interests first 

  9. … Manned spaceflight is an art • Brings no money • except for tourism • Robots are faster, cheaper, more effective, take less protection • Moving Earth’s population to space -- at $10,000/kg??? • Mars outpost is a delirium But we still fly! • You can’t sleep with Mona Lisa • You can’t eat still life • You can’t play like Santana Does that mean we don’t need them? … More on that later…

  10. 1959. The Far Side of the Moon. Luna 3, USSR. The first interplanetary probe. Radiation-resistant 35 mm film was obtained from a shot down American spy balloon  A French winemaker who bet that nobody would ever see the far side of the Moon sent 1000 bottles of champagne to the team for 1959/1960 New Year eve 

  11. …I think we should drink now, too…

  12. 1959. Corona. The first (??) spy satellite, USA. USSR’s response: Zenit, 1961. “Most of space exploration is a side product…”

  13. 1960. Nedelin disaster. R-16 rocket exploded on launch pad. 78 (some say 120) perished in a toxic blaze, including Nedelin himself. The worst Soviet space accident. Cause: negligence to all safety procedures in attempt to launch on time.

  14. 1960. “There is no life on Earth”  First attempt to launch a probe to Mars. Checks at the launch pad revealed that the probe was over the weight limit. Something had to be cut. Korolev ordered an overnight test run of all scientific equipment in the steppe nearby. One device designed to detect the signs of life reported negative  and stayed on Earth. It survived the launch failure later known as “Mars 1960A”. (Per Boris Chertok’s memories).

  15. 04/12/1961 Yuri Gagarin He was only 27 First ever orbital flight Chances of success: 80% (Space Shuttle: 99%) Dangerous re-entry due to service module failing to detach. Over 8g during return.

  16. 1962. Telstar 1. The first real communication satellite. Active relay of television pictures, telephone calls, and fax. First live transatlantic television feed. Consider this the beginning of commercial space use.

  17. 1962. John Glenn’s flight First American orbital spaceflight. Mercury was a very small spaceship... “Damaged” heat shield caused great concern upon re-entry. Glenn second spaceflight: 1998 onboard the Space Shuttle (77 years old then).

  18. 1962. Two spaceships nearby. Vostok-3, Nikolaev. Vostok-4, Popovich. 6.5 km apart in orbit -- big success. Salt-dried vobla was part of the space menu. But only Popovich was able to locate it in his spacecraft 

  19. 1962. Mariner 2. First flyby of Venus. The dawn of planetary space exploration.

  20. 1963. Valentina Tereshkova. First woman and first civilian in space, onboard Vostok 6. Next woman in space: Svetlana Savitskaya, 1982.

  21. 1963. First (?) satellite-to-satellite weapon tested. Istrebitel Sputnik (Russian: истребитель -спутник). Approach-and-explode, releasing shrapnel at 1 km range. More advanced systems tested by USSR and USA in 1970s and later.

  22. 1964. Syncom 3. The first geostationary communication satellite.

  23. …технічна перерва…(technical break)

  24. 1965. Mars revealed! First ever close-ups ofMars by a robotic probe, Mariner-4. No “channels”, but Moon-like cratered terrain and very thin atmosphere reveled. A great blow to hopes of finding intelligent life on Mars (yes, we were serious until ~60s!) The total of data returned: 634 Kb, that including 22 pictures  Crayons were used to produce first color “prints” of Mars 

  25. 1965. First spacewalk. Alexei Leonov from Voskhod 2 spaceship, commanded by the 2nd crew member Pavel Belyaev. Inflatable airlock. The 12 minute spacewalk nearly avoided a disaster after Leonov’s spacesuit ballooned in vacuum. Can you make a U-turn in a 8’x3.7’ airlock, while dressed up in a spacesuit?

  26. 1965. First space smuggling. John Young secretly smuggled a corned beef sandwichonboard Gemini 3, where the crew tried to eat it. The crumbles in zero-g have caused serious concern. Young flew a total of 6 space missions between 1965 and 1983 on 4 types of spacecraft, including two maiden flights (Gemini and Space Shuttle). He’s been near the Moon twice and on the Moon – once. That’s if you ask me what a real career should look like 

  27. 1965. Rendezvous of two manned spacecrafts. Gemini 6 (Shirra, Stafford) and Gemini 7 (Bormann, Lovell). 13.5 days in a room no larger than car’s front seats.

  28. 1966. First space docking. Gemini 8, Neil A. Armstrong (pilot, commander), David R. Scott (pilot). Only Armstrong’s prompt action saved people and mission when attitude control malfunctioned after docking.

  29. 1966. Luna-9 lands on the Moon. First ever landing on another planetary body and pictures from it. Transmission intercepted at Jodrell Bank Observatory and published by Daily Express before the official Soviet news release. 20 days earlier, Korolev died.

  30. 1967. Komarov. Soyuz-1. Parachute system failure and crash upon return, killing Vladimir Komarov. The flight was prepared in unimaginable hurry, plagued with technical issues and had to be cut short.

  31. 1967. “A fire in the cockpit!” Apollo 1. A cabin fire during a launch pad test on January 27killed all three crew members: Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee. In pure oxygen, the extreme blaze was over in just 17 seconds.

  32. 1968. Apollo 8. 7 years after the first space flight, they left Earth and went to orbit the Moon. Crew: Frank F. Borman, James A. Lovell, William A. Anders. “We are now approaching lunar sunrise and, for all the people back on Earth, the crew of Apollo 8 has a message that we would like to send to you. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep…”

  33. 1968. OAO-2 space telescope. The first successful telescope in orbit (UV range) which marked the end of 3000 years of “cataract” caused by Earth’ atmosphere and the birth of invisible astronomy. Over 80 “eyes” launched since then covering range from Gamma to XRAY to IR to Radio.

  34. 1969. Humans on the Moon! Apollo 11. Neil Alden Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" E. Aldrin, Michael Collins. And some 100,000 people who worked hard for 10+ years to make this happen.

  35. To Those Who Made It

  36. 1969. Apollo 11 LM back from the Moon. Within the frames of this picture, present are all humans but one Our world is small and lost in void indeed…

  37. 1970. Lunokhod 1. First robotic planetary rover. Radio controlled from Earth over the live TV. 3 seconds signal delay. Worked for 9 months, traversed over 10 km, returned 20,000 pictures. Lost in 1971 and rediscovered in 2010 on images from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. «…Советскими учёными создан новый уникальный луноход, способный отбирать лучшие образцы грунта у американских экспедиций!...”

  38. 1970. Apollo 13. Oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon320,000 km from Earth. Loss of most power, oxygen, control. Thanks to quick and ingenious situation management, the crew (Lovell, Haise, Swigert) returned to Earth virtually unharmed after 6 days in space.

  39. 12/15/1595. Smolensk Fortress. Architect: by Fedor Kon’. Boris Godunov’s order was issued in 1595, initiating the 7 years of extremely difficult construction. Somewhat later, half of the wall was destroyed by Napoleon and Hitler.

  40. 12/15/1970. Venus Landing Venera-7 worked on the surface for 23 minutes. High temperature (>450 C) was confirmed, shattering last dreams of “wet jungles” on Venus. Three previous landing attempts unsuccessful as capsules were crushed by tremendous pressure of Venusian atmosphere (~95 times Earth’s level).

  41. 1971. First space station in orbit. Salyut 1, a space station capable of hosting 3 people for several months. Dobrovolski, Volkov, Patsaev docked the station in June 1971 on Soyuz 11 and worked there for 23 days. While returning to Earth, they all died after Soyuz 11 decompression. They had no spacesuits…

  42. 1971. First Mars landing. Mars 3 has landed in 1971 but worked for 15 seconds only, returning no scientific data. The picture returned contains no information. The Lander had a small rover which was also lost. This remains a mystery. Using recent high resolution space images of Mars, enthusiasts keep searching for clues…

  43. 1972. The last Men on the Moon. Apollo 17. Back then, almost nobody believed that we are not coming back to the Moon in the 20th century. The takeoff video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOdzhQS_MMw

  44. Why did not USSR go to the Moon? • Late start (~1963). • Short budgets • Glushko vs. Korolev disagreement over fuel • Kuznetsov’s engines: the greatest T/M ratio ever achieved, but the N1 rocket needed 30 of them! • Korolev’s death in 1966 • Poor organization • Secrecy It tried

  45. 1972. N1 rocket. “Мы стреляем городами...” (“we are shooting with whole cities…”) Soviet lunar rocket similar in power to American Saturn V. Four test launches between 1969 and 1972. Each ending with a crash. But… we could. We were very close. The capability was there! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m79UO4HOQmc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4-CyIBlKNs

  46. 1973. How many people does it take to do a haircut in space? Skylab, American space station, 1973. Big and heavy (made from modified 3rd stage of Saturn V). Almost lost on launch and had to be repaired by the first expedition. Garriott’s tape recorder joke. Did you know, there is really is no up and down in space?

  47. 1973. Pioneer 10 at Jupiter. The first space probe to cross the asteroid belt, explore Jupiter and become the interstellar spacecraft. The contact was lost in 2003. Next stop: Aldebaran in 2 million years? …the “distant” planets era began…

  48. 1974. Mercury reached. Mariner 10, launched in 1973 and visited Venus prior to flying by Mercury, the closest to the Sun planet.

  49. 1978. Salyut-6 EO-1. Grechko’s cognac.I did not promise it would be all in English  История об элеутерококке, рассказанная Г.M. Гречко. Г. ГРЕЧКО: Коньяк я не проносил. Он выплыл из отделения со спортивным бельем. Там было написано "Элеутерококк К". Я сначала по простоте душевной стал спрашивать, что это за " Элеутерококк ". Мне так с улыбкой сказали – концентрированный. Но насчет пил. Это неправильно. Скорее лизал. Вот смотрите. С одной стороны на двоих было полтора литра. Можно упиться. А с другой стороны, 100, если кругло дней, два человека. На 200 человеко-дней. 7,5 грамм коньяка в сутки <…> ни на какую операторскую деятельность это не действовало. <…> Он пился, лизался, еще раз подчеркиваю, 7,5 грамм это столовая ложка. Значит, пока эта фляжка из нержавейки, ее можно было вот так вот сжимать, она выдавала этот коньяк. Но потом там же и жидкость и воздух одинаково ничего не весят. Поэтому они смешиваются. И там образуется пена. А пену уже никак не выдавишь. И как мы ни старались вытащить <…> Не удалось. Мы бросили эту фляжку. А следующий экипаж сказал: а мы допили. Мы говорили: да невозможно. Мы все пробовали. Как помните, мартышка и очки. Мы пробовали все. Ну, а они говорят, что, а мы делали очень просто. Один поднимался под потолок станции, а другой бил его по голове. Горлышко от фляжки во рту. И по инерции коньяк идет в рот, потому что нет веса в космосе, а инерция есть. И они нас справедливо нас так немножко обидели. Сказали, что вот видите, кроме высшего образования, надо иметь хотя бы среднее соображение. Per http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/korzun/58092/

  50. OK, the translation of previous slide(multiple accounts exist; details vary) • Yuri Romanenko and Georgi Grechko discovered a flask of cognac onboard Salyut-6. 50 ounces! But… for 96 days and 2 people. So they responsibly split it into 0.25 oz/day portions for taste enjoyment rather than anything else. • No way you can get drunk with that  • Problem: cognac does not pour out in zero g! • Solution? Squeeze the flask. Yes, it’s made of steel, but cosmonauts are strong  • Issue: half and half of cognac and air make foam which resists further squeezing  • So they left half-empty flask onboard and returned to Earth. The next expedition arrived to the station, worked there, returned home and said “thank you!” for cognac. A dialog followed: • “Did you finish it?” • “Yes!” • “But how?...” • “Well, on top of higher education you’ve got to have some common imagination. One grasps the flask with his teeth… and another gently slaps the back of his head ” • Physics rules!

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