1 / 102

Table of Contents – pages iii

Table of Contents – pages iii. Unit 1: What is Biology? Unit 2: Ecology Unit 3: The Life of a Cell Unit 4: Genetics Unit 5: Change Through Time Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Unit 7: Plants Unit 8: Invertebrates Unit 9: Vertebrates Unit 10: The Human Body.

silas
Télécharger la présentation

Table of Contents – pages iii

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Table of Contents – pages iii Unit 1:What is Biology? Unit 2:Ecology Unit 3:The Life of a Cell Unit 4:Genetics Unit 5:Change Through Time Unit 6:Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Unit 7:Plants Unit 8:Invertebrates Unit 9:Vertebrates Unit 10:The Human Body

  2. Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii Unit 1: What is Biology? Chapter 1:Biology: The Study of Life Unit 2: Ecology Chapter 2:Principles of Ecology Chapter 3:Communities and Biomes Chapter 4:Population Biology Chapter 5:Biological Diversity and Conservation Unit 3:The Life of a Cell Chapter 6:The Chemistry of Life Chapter 7:A View of the Cell Chapter 8:Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle Chapter 9:Energy in a Cell

  3. Unit 4: Genetics Chapter 10:Mendel and Meiosis Chapter 11:DNA and Genes Chapter 12:Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Chapter 13:Genetic Technology Unit 5: Change Through Time Chapter 14:The History of Life Chapter 15:The Theory of Evolution Chapter 16:Primate Evolution Chapter 17:Organizing Life’s Diversity Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

  4. Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Chapter 18:Viruses and Bacteria Chapter 19:Protists Chapter 20:Fungi Unit 7: Plants Chapter 21:What Is a Plant? Chapter 22:The Diversity of Plants Chapter 23:Plant Structure and Function Chapter 24:Reproduction in Plants Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

  5. Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii Unit 8: Invertebrates Chapter 25:What Is an Animal? Chapter 26:Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and Roundworms Chapter 27:Mollusks and Segmented Worms Chapter 28:Arthropods Chapter 29:Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates

  6. Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii Unit 9: Vertebrates Chapter 30:Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 31:Reptiles and Birds Chapter 32:Mammals Chapter 33:Animal Behavior Unit 10: The Human Body Chapter 34:Protection, Support, and Locomotion Chapter 35:The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter 36:The Nervous System Chapter 37:Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion Chapter 38:Reproduction and Development Chapter 39:Immunity from Disease

  7. Unit Overview – pages 790-791 Vertebrates Fishes and Amphibians Reptiles and Birds Mammals Animal Behavior

  8. Chapter Contents – page xiii Chapter 33Animal Behavior 33.1:Innate Behavior 33.1:Section Check 33.2:Learned Behavior 33.2:Section Check Chapter 33Summary Chapter 33Assessment

  9. Chapter Intro-page 858 What You’ll Learn You will distinguish between innate and learned behavior. You will identify the adaptive value of specific types of behavior.

  10. 33.1 Section Objectives – page 859 Section Objectives: • Distinguish among the types of innate behavior. • Demonstrate, by example, the adaptive value of innate behavior.

  11. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 What is behavior? • Behavior is anything an animal does in response to a stimulus. • A stimulus is an environmental change that directly influences the activity of an organism.

  12. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 What is behavior? • Animals carry on many activities—such as getting food, avoiding predators, caring for young, finding shelter, and attracting mates—that enable them to survive and reproduce.

  13. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Inherited behavior • Inheritance plays an important role in the ways animals behave. • An animal’s genetic makeup determines how that animal reacts to certain stimuli.

  14. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Natural selection favors certain behaviors • Often, a behavior exhibited by an animal species is the result of natural selection. • Individuals with behavior that makes them more successful at surviving and reproducing tend to produce more offspring than individuals without the behavior.

  15. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Natural selection favors certain behaviors • These offspring will inherit the genetic basis for the successful behavior. • Inherited behavior of animals is called innate (ih NAYT) behavior.

  16. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Natural selection favors certain behaviors • This toad captured its prey using an innate behavior is known as a fixed-action pattern. • A fixed-action pattern is an unchangeable behavior pattern that, once initiated, continues until completed.

  17. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Genes form the basis of innate behavior • Through experiments, scientists have found that an animal’s hormonal balance and its nervous system affect how sensitive the individual is to certain stimuli. • Innate behavior includes fixed-action patterns, automatic responses, and instincts.

  18. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Automatic Responses • A reflex (REE fleks) is a simple, automatic response to a stimulus that involves no conscious control. • A fight-or-flight response mobilizes the body for greater activity.

  19. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Automatic Responses • Your body is being prepared to either fight or run from danger. • A fight-or-flight response is automatic and controlled by hormones and the nervous system.

  20. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Instinctive Behavior • Some behaviors take a longer time because they involve more complex actions. • An instinct (IHN stingt) is a complex pattern of innate behavior. • Instinctive behavior begins when the animal recognizes a stimulus and continues until all parts of the behavior have been performed.

  21. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Instinctive Behavior • For example, greylag geese instinctively retrieve eggs that have rolled from the nest.

  22. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Courtship behavior ensures reproduction • Courtship behavior is the behavior that males and females of a species carry out before mating. • Like other instinctive behaviors, courtship has evolved through natural selection.

  23. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Courtship behavior ensures reproduction • Individuals often can recognize one another by the behavior patterns each performs. • In courtship, behavior ensures that members of the same species find each other and mate.

  24. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Courtship behavior ensures reproduction • In some spiders, the male is smaller than the female and risks the chance of being eaten if he approaches her. • Before mating, the male in some species presents the female with an object, such as an insect wrapped in a silk web.

  25. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Courtship behavior ensures reproduction • While the female is unwrapping and eating the insect, the male is able to mate with her without being attacked.

  26. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Territoriality reduces competition • A territory is a physical space an animal defends against other members of its species. • It may contain the animal’s breeding area, feeding area, and potential mates, or all three.

  27. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Territoriality reduces competition • Animals that have territories will defend their space by driving away other individuals of the same species.

  28. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Territoriality reduces competition • Although it may not appear so, setting up territories actually reduces conflicts, controls population growth, and provides for efficient use of environmental resources. • When animals space themselves out, they don’t compete for the same resources within a limited space.

  29. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Territoriality reduces competition • Pheromones are chemicals that communicate information among individuals of the same species. • Many animals produce pheromones to mark territorial boundaries. • One advantage of using pheromones is that they work both day and night, and whether or not the animal that made the mark is present.

  30. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Aggressive behavior threatens other animals • Aggressive behavior is used to intimidate another animal of the same species. • Animals fight or threaten one another in order to defend their young, their territory, or a resource such as food.

  31. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Aggressive behavior threatens other animals • Animals of the same species rarely fight to the death. • The fights are usually symbolic. • Why does aggressive behavior rarely result in serious injury? One answer is that the defeated individual shows signs of submission to the victor.

  32. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Aggressive behavior threatens other animals • These signs inhibit further aggression by the victor.

  33. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Submission leads to dominance hierarchies • In animals, usually the oldest or strongest wins the argument. • Sometimes, aggressive behavior among several individuals results in a grouping in which there are different levels of dominant and submissive animals.

  34. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Submission leads to dominance hierarchies • A dominance hierarchy (DAH muh nunts · HI rar kee) is a form of social ranking within a group in which some individuals are more subordinate than others.

  35. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Submission leads to dominance hierarchies • There might be several levels in the hierarchy, with individuals in each level subordinate to the one above. • The ability to form a dominance hierarchy is innate, but the position each animal assumes may be learned.

  36. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Submission leads to dominance hierarchies • The term pecking order comes from a dominance hierarchy that is formed by chickens. • The top-ranking chicken can peck any other chicken.

  37. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Submission leads to dominance hierarchies • The chicken lowest in the hierarchy is pecked at by all the other chickens in the group.

  38. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Some instinctive behavior is exhibited in animals in response to internal, biological rhythms. • A 24-hour, light-regulated, sleep/wake cycle of behavior is called a circadian (sur KAY dee uhn) rhythm.

  39. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Circadian rhythms keep you alert during the day and help you relax at night. • Circadian rhythms are controlled by genes, yet are also influenced by factors such as jet lag and shift work.

  40. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Rhythms also can occur on a yearly or seasonal cycle. • Migration, for example, occurs on a seasonal cycle. Migration is the instinctive, seasonal movement of animals.

  41. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Change in day length is thought to stimulate the onset of migration in the same way that it controls the flowering of plants.

  42. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Animals navigate in a variety of ways. • Some use the positions of the sun and stars to navigate. • They may use geographic clues, such as mountain ranges. • Some bird species seem to be guided by Earth’s magnetic field.

  43. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Young animals may learn when and where to migrate by following their parents. • How many animals cope with winter is another example of instinctive behavior. • Many mammals, some birds, and a few other types of animals go into a deep sleep during parts of the cold winter months.

  44. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • This period of inactivity is called hibernation. • Hibernation (hi bur NAY shun) is a state in which the body temperature drops substantially, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rates decline to a few breaths per minute.

  45. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Hibernation conserves energy.

  46. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • What happens to animals that live year-round in hot environments? • Estivation (es tuh VAY shun) is a state of reduced metabolism that occurs in animals living in conditions of intense heat. • Desert animals appear to estivate sometimes in response to lack of food or periods of drought.

  47. Section 33.1 Summary – pages 859-867 Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Clearly, estivation is an innate behavior that depends on both internal and external cues.

  48. Section 1 Check Question 1 An earthworm will move away from light. What type of behavior is this an example of? (TX Obj 2; 8C) A. innate B. courtship C. learned D. bioluminescence

  49. Section 1 Check The answer is A. Innate behavior is inherited.

More Related