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HERBICIDES

HERBICIDES. BIOLOGICAL. Few with practical application Xpo ( Xanthomonas bacteria) for Annual bluegrass control. SYNTHETIC. AMINE AND ESTER FORMULATIONS Adding side group molecules to active ingredient Amine : Dimethylamine group to an acid Ester : isooctyl group to an acid. SYNTHETIC.

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HERBICIDES

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  1. HERBICIDES

  2. BIOLOGICAL • Few with practical application • Xpo (Xanthomonas bacteria) for Annual bluegrass control

  3. SYNTHETIC AMINE AND ESTER FORMULATIONS • Adding side group molecules to active ingredient • Amine: Dimethylamine group to an acid • Ester: isooctyl group to an acid

  4. SYNTHETIC Amine formulation • Less volatile and less non-target effects

  5. SYNTHETIC Ester formulation • Penetrates leaf easier • More volatile (vapor drift) • Winter and early spring: cooler temps and less leaves

  6. SYNTHETIC ISOMERS • Different versions of same chemical • Left hand versus right hand

  7. SYNTHETIC ISOMERS • One very effective, the other not at all • Isolate effective isomer, get rid of ineffective one • Lower rates, same result (Acclaim Extra)

  8. SYNTHETIC SURFACTANTS • Formulation surfactants included with product • Roundup Pro increased absorption and rainfastness

  9. FORMULATION Granular • Less volatile • Won’t stick to leaves • Less phytotoxic effects • Cost more: mostly inert ingredients, shipping costs • Public acceptance • Less staining and easier clean up

  10. FORMULATION Liquid • More volatile, better post- effect • Phytotoxic to non-target • Cheap • Bad image

  11. PREEMERGENT Applied before seed germination • Kills the weed seed as it germinates • Timing is critical, will not control established weeds • Aeration does not effect control • A few herbicides have pre and post activity • Dimension • Most often a granular that requires water-in

  12. POSTEMERGENCE • Applied after weeds have emerged

  13. POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDE UPTAKE Soil-applied • Absorbed by germinating roots • Some shoots

  14. POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDE UPTAKE Foliar-applied • Cuticle, the waxy surface of the leaf • Leaf hair

  15. POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention • Water carrier • Surface tension of water • Reduced leaf contact

  16. POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention • Spray volume • Complete coverage for contact • Partial coverage for systemic

  17. POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention • Rainfall • 6 to 24 hours

  18. POSTEMERGENCE Systemic herbicides • Move with plant food • Kill all parts of the plant • Rapid growth favorable for kill

  19. POSTEMERGENCE Contact herbicides • Kill tissue applied, no distribution throughout plant • Membrane destruction in hours • Control of annuals • Perennials require repeat application • FAST

  20. MODE OF ACTION SELECTIVE HERBICIDES SEDGE CONTROL • Manage • Image • Certainty • Monument

  21. MODE OF ACTION GRASS CONTROL • Vantage controls bahiagrass • MSMA controls crabgrass

  22. MODE OF ACTION BROADLEAF CONTROL PHENOXY HERBICIDES (after WWII) • 2,4-D, good on dandelion • Many turfgrasses sensitive • MCPP (Mecoprop), good on clover

  23. MODE OF ACTION BROADLEAF CONTROL PHENOXY HERBICIDES (after WWII) • Trimec • Bentgrass Selective

  24. MODE OF ACTION BROADLEAF CONTROL BENZOIC ACID • Dicamba

  25. MODE OF ACTION Sulfonylurea family • Manor and Blade on broadleaf and grassy • Certainty, Sedgehammer and Monument control of sedge, kyllinga and poa

  26. MODE OF ACTION Pyridine family • Could replace 2,4-D • Turflon, Spotlight and Lontrel • 10 times more potent than 2,4-D • Confront found in compost clippings, limited to commercial use

  27. MODE OF ACTION Triazolinone family • Quicksilver (Carfentrazone) • Speed Zone • 2,4-D, MCPP, Dicamba, and Carfentrazone

  28. MODE OF ACTION Quinolinecarboxylic acid family • Drive for post crabgrass control

  29. MODE OF ACTION Triazine family • Atrazine soluble, non-target damage • Research change frog sex and lending to death • Centipede • St. Augustine

  30. MODE OF ACTION NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES • Kills most plants • Glyphosate is systemic (slow) • Diquat is contact (fast) • QuikPro (Round-up) combines for quick, systemic kill • Limits systemic effect

  31. MODE OF ACTION Fumigation • Kills plants, MO, seeds, etc. • Methyl Bromide • Odorless • Teargas added

  32. MODE OF ACTION Fumigation • Plastic cover to prevent leakage • 24 to 48 hours

  33. MODE OF ACTION Fumigation • Methyl Bromide phasout due to ozone-depleting potential • Dazomet is unclassified granular fumigant

  34. MOSS • Low nitrogen and wet areas • Copper containing fungicides, soapy solutions

  35. GENETICALLY MODIFIED TURF (GMO) • Genes isolated from other plants, animals or microbes for herbicide and insect resistance • Round-up Ready corn and soybeans

  36. http://grist.org/industrial-agriculture/a-growing-problem-notes-from-the-superweed-summit/http://grist.org/industrial-agriculture/a-growing-problem-notes-from-the-superweed-summit/

  37. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR • Inhibit growth • Suppress seedheads • Reduce costs and maintenance • Enhance turf quality • possibly increase roots • improve shade tolerance • improve roll

  38. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR CELL-DIVISION INHIBITORS, TYPE 1 • Vegetative growth • Seedhead development

  39. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR CELL-DIVISION INHIBITORS, TYPE 1 • Growth inhibition for 3 to 4 weeks • Yellowing • Embark

  40. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR GIBBERELLIN INHIBITORS, TYPE 2 • Suppress cell elongation, internodes shorter • 3 to 6 weeks • Cutless

  41. ORGANIC HERBICIDES SOAPS • Fatty acids • Stripping cuticle • Dehydrate • Safer and M-pede

  42. ORGANIC HERBICIDES ESSENTIAL OILS • Clove and cinnamon oil • Eugenol • Disrupting cell membranes • Matran and EcoExempt

  43. ORGANIC HERBICIDES ESSENTIAL OILS • Citrus oil • Limonene • hand cleaner and degreaser • Nature’s Avenger

  44. ORGANIC HERBICIDES VINEGAR • Acetic acid • Not household vinegar • >20% • Not listed it as an herbicide • Avoid EPA registration • AllDown and Burnout II

  45. ORGANIC HERBICIDES PELARGONIC ACID • fatty acid • synthetically produced • not organic • Scythe

  46. ORGANIC HERBICIDES CORN GLUTEN • Applied 4 to 6 weeks before target dates • Contains 10% nitrogen • First year, expect 50% weed control • Second or third year 90%

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