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NINETEEN

NINETEEN. Recognition, Control, and Investigation of Drug Abuse. LEARNING OBJECTIVES. Identify and describe several opium‑derived drugs List and describe synthetic narcotics Identify and distinguish among stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens

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NINETEEN

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  1. NINETEEN Recognition, Control, and Investigation of Drug Abuse

  2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Identify and describe several opium‑derived drugs • List and describe synthetic narcotics • Identify and distinguish among stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens • Outline techniques used in investigating dangerous drugs and narcotics • Assess the motives, methods, and management of drug informants • Describe the process of identifying and conducting raids on clandestine labs • Explain the type of information necessary to establish probable cause and obtain search warrants • Be familiar with drug evidence handling and potential security problems 19-1

  3. OPIUM-DERIVED DRUGS • Opium • One of the first drugs of abuse was opium • Morphine • Morphine is obtained from raw opium • Heroin (Diacetylmorphine) • Heroin was found to be considerably stronger than morphine in 1890 19-2(a)

  4. OPIUM-DERIVED DRUGS (cont'd) • Codeine • The alkaloid codeine is found in raw opium in concentrations from 0.7 to 2.3 percent. It was first isolated in 1832 as an impurity in a batch of morphine. • Other Opium Derivatives • Other opium derivatives abused and stolen from pharmacies, hospitals, and physicians are Dilaudid, Papaverine, and Pantopon. 19-2(b)

  5. HEROIN FILLED LATEX BALLOONS • Heroin is smuggled into the U.S. in a variety of ways • Drug couriers often swallow heroin filled balloons before boarding commercial planes • Most heroin is smuggled into the U.S. from Columbia (Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration) 19-3

  6. SYNTHETIC NARCOTICS • Synthetic narcotics, though chemically related to the opium alkaloids, are produced entirely within the laboratory • Meperidine (Pethidine) • The commercial name for meperidine is Demerol, and it was the first synthetic narcotic • Methadone • A heroin-dependent person can be treated with doses of methadone as a replacement for heroin 19-4

  7. STIMULANTS • Drugs falling into the stimulants group directly stimulate the central nervous system • Cocaine • Cocaine is a naturally occurring stimulant that is extracted from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca) • Amphetamines • Amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and methamphetamine are closely related chemically 19-5(a)

  8. STIMULANTS (cont'd) • Phenmetrazine (Preludin), Methylphenidate (Ritalin), and Pemoline (Cylert) • Phenmetrazine is related chemically to the amphetamines, and its abuse produces similar effects • Crystalized Methamphetamine • Crystalized methamphetamine, better known as crystal meth and speed during the 1960s and 1970s • Methcathinone • Methcathinone, called cat or goob, is a pyschomotor stimulant with a chemical structure similar to methamphetamine 19-5(b)

  9. POWDERED COCAINE • Cocaine is a naturally occurring stimulant • It is extracted from the leaves of coca plants • The powder is often adultered at each level of sale by drug dealers (Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration) 19-6

  10. COCAINE TRAFFICKING PATTERNS • Drug dealing is an international business • Much of the illegal cocaine arriving in the U.S. is smuggled in from countries in South America • The Drug Enforcement Administration seeks assistance from foreign police officials in its war on drugs (Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice) 19-7

  11. KILO PACKAGES OF COCAINE • Cocaine may be smuggled into the U.S. in single batches • Lower-level drug dealers adulterate or “cut” the cocaine before re-sale • The cutting process increases the profits for the dealers (Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration) 19-8

  12. DEPRESSANTS (SEDATIVES) • Glutethimide (Doriden) • Depressants of sedatives depress the central nervous system and are prescribed in small doses to reduce restlessness and emotional tension and to induce sleep • When introduced in 1954 glutethimide was wrongly believed to be a nonaddictive barbiturate substitute • Methaqualone • Methaqualone was at one time very popular in the United States but has since been removed from the market 19-9(a)

  13. DEPRESSANTS (SEDATIVES) (cont'd) • Meprobamate • First synthesized in 1960 as a mild tranquilizer, meprobamate is distributed in the nited States under the generic brand name • OxyContin • Another powerful narcotic that is presently sold legally is OxyContin 19-9(b)

  14. HALLUCINOGENS • The hallucinogenic drugs, natural or synthetic, distort perception of objective reality. • Phencyclidine (PCP) • Phencyclidine, commonly called PCP, in pharmaceutically pure form is a solid white powder • Methylenedioxy Methamphetamine (MDMA) • Commonly known as MDMA or “ecstasy,” is a bitter white power • Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD 25) • LSD is a semisynthetic compound produced from lysergic acid. An average does of 30 to 50 microgramsCabout the size of a pinpointCwill take the user on a “trip” lasting 10 to 12 hours 19-10(a)

  15. HALLUCINOGENS (cont'd) • Mescaline (Peyote) • The primary active ingredient of the peyote cactus is the hallucinogen mescaline • Psilocybin and Psilocyn • Psilocybin and psilocyn are obtained from mushrooms generally grown in Mexico • Marijuana • Marijuana is made by crushing or chopping the dried leaves and flowers of the plant into small pieces • The cleaned or manicured leaves are then rolled into a cigarette and smoked 19-10(b)

  16. HALLUCINOGENS (cont'd) • Hashish • Hashish is processed by drying to produce a drug several times as potent as marijuana • Hashish Oil • Liquid hashish is produced by concentrating THC • Ketamine • Ketamine hydrochloride is a synthetic drug and is an anesthetic agent that has legitimate uses 19-10(c)

  17. KETAMINE • Ketamine is a synthetic drug • It was developed as an anesthetic agent in the 1960s • Today its use has been associated with all night parties called “raves” (Courtesy Sergeant Christopher McKissick and Detective Tyler Parks, Port Orange, Florida, Police Department) 19-11

  18. INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES • Most of the techniques used in investigating dangerous-drug and narcotics cases are the same as those used in investigating other cases; however there are some unique procedures. • The Purchase • One important aspect is identification of the source. It is desirable to make more than one direct purchase from a seller, if possible. • The Apprehension • All arrests should be as unobtrusive as possible to prevent them from becoming common knowledge on the street 19-12

  19. DRUG INFORMANTS: MOTIVES, METHODS, AND MANAGEMENT • Informants: Motivations and Types • Problem Informants. Some informants have personalities that make them difficult, if not impossible, to manage. • Egotistical Informants. Investigators who provide positive reinforcement motivate egotistical informants to continue supplying information. • Informants with the James Bond Syndrome. While working as informants, they imagine themselves in a police of spy drama. 19-13(a)

  20. DRUG INFORMANTS: MOTIVES, METHODS, AND MANAGEMENT (cont'd) • Wannabe Informants. They now seek to become involved in law enforcement as informants. • Perversely Motivated Informants. These informants offer their services in order to identify undercover agents. • Restricted-Use Informants. By virtue of their criminal background or other status, these pose special management challenges. 19-12(b)

  21. OFFICER TALKING TO DRUG DEALER INFORMANT • Informants in drug enforcement are unique • Investigators must know what motivates them • The informants must be carefully managed © Bonnie Kamin 19-13

  22. DEPARTMENT POLICY REGARDING MANAGING INFORMANTS • Agencies should not leave the management of drug informants exclusively to investigators • Formulating a written policy ensures consistency in the use and management of CIs and serves as a guide for inexperienced investigators • The Informant File. This file is used to document every encounter 19-14(a)

  23. DEPARTMENT POLICY REGARDING MANAGING INFORMANTS (cont'd) • Phenmetrazine (Preludin), Methylphenidate (Ritalin), and Pemoline (Cylert) • Phenmetrazine is related chemically to the amphetamines, and its abuse produces similar effects. • Investigator-Informant Contact Procedures. The department must establish investigator-informant contact procedures and train employees in their use. • Informant Payments. Payments to CIs can be divided into two distinct categoriesCawards and rewards. 19-14(b)

  24. CLANDESTINE DRUG LABORATORIES • Illicit operations that produce a variety of illegal drugs for sale and distribution; due to the chemicals, processes used, and workers= inexperience, pose serious danger to police and firefighters, as well as the public. • Clandestine drug laboratories throughout the United States produce a variety of illegal drugs for sale and distribution. • Clandestine laboratory operations are typically identified in several ways: • fire investigations • information from informants • tips from the community 19-15

  25. METH LABS • Illegal laboratories that manufacture methamphetamine; range from industrial-size organizations to one-person tweeker labs, with prevalence skyrocketing due to availability of “recipes” and chemicals via the Internet 19-16

  26. METH LABS • Meth labs are one of the fastest-growing types of clandestine labs today • Some dealers have developed small labs that can produce quantities from one ounce to one pound • These small labs create significant problems for law enforcement (Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration) 19-17

  27. CONDUCTING A LABORATORY RAID • Conducting a raid on an occupied laboratory requires careful planning. • Normally, a planning meeting involves: • the police tactical unit • bomb squad • hazardous-material or chemical-waste disposal personnel • a chemist • and the fire department representatives 19-18

  28. METH LAB RAID • The methamphetamine cooking process is dangerous due to fumes and volatility of ingredients • After the scene is secured the assessment team (as shown) enters • Team members wear special protector equipment and breathing gear (Courtesy Detective David Street, Riverside County, California, Sheriff’s Department) 19-19

  29. SEARCH WARRANTS AND PROBABLE CAUSE • Officers engaged in drug enforcement must understand the legal elements necessary to constitute probable cause for obtaining search warrants. • Law Enforcement Background of the Warrant Applicant • Past Reliability of the Confidential Informant • Information Supplied by the Informant • Corroboration of the Information Supplied 19-20

  30. EVIDENCE HANDLING AND SECURITY PROBLEMS • Aside from the burglaries, larcenies, and other crimes committed because of narcotics, there are additional related problems sprouting from the drug-culture vine • Some of these involve the police officers= integrity 19-21(a)

  31. EVIDENCE HANDLING AND SECURITY PROBLEMS (cont'd) • The handling and securing of narcotics and dangerous drugs after they are collected and seized, has emerged as an area of growing concern • The evidence must be protected against loss from the outside and sometimes from inside the police agency 19-21(b)

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