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True or False:

Explore President Nixon's foreign policy and the Watergate scandal, as well as President Reagan's economic policies and political shift, in this comprehensive historical analysis.

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True or False:

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  1. True or False: • President Nixon & Sec. of State Kissinger's diplomacy attempted to play China & the USSR off one another. • Nixon attempted to reverse what he called the Warren Court’s “judicial activism”. • Richard Nixon was impeached as a result of the Watergate scandal. • The 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the OPEC oil embargo added to the inflation that began in the wake of the Vietnam War.

  2. Reagan, Culture Wars, and Recent American History 1980-2004

  3. Women’s Rights • Equal access to education, family, employment • Domestic violence • Control over bodies • Betty Freidan • NOW • Planned Parenthood • 2-person family incomes • Affirmative Action

  4. Continued… • Title IX and women in college sports (Ed. Amend. 1972) • Roe v. Wade (1973) • Constitutional right to privacy • Women in politics • “Liberation” • Gloria Steinem & Ms. Magazine

  5. Conservative Backlash, 1965-1980 • Conservatives react against changes in America during the 1960s • American foreign policy • “Lost Vietnam” • Affirmative Action • Women’s liberation

  6. The Growing Backlash • 1978: Regents of U.C. v. Bakke • “Quotas” in college admissions were unconst. • 1976: Hyde Amendment • Limited Medicaid funds for Abortion • Moral Majority, 1978 • Southern Democrats become Republicans • Many working class Anglos or “White Ethnics” in industrialized urban areas, and new suburbanites blamed immigrants and the poor for their condition, as well as economic decline of “Americans”

  7. Conservative Concerns • Conservative reactions to the “excesses” of the 1960s and 1970s • Lost control of America • Diversity = • Divorce, gay rights, abortion, day care, big government, & decline of the family • Stopped ERA • New “traditionalism”

  8. American Malaise • Soft America and “decline” of American power • OPEC and Oil Embargo • Stagflation • De-Industrialization • Iranian Hostage Crisis (Nov. 1979) • Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew Shah of Iran • 50 Hostages for over a year • Failed rescue effort • USSR invaded Afghanistan (Dec. 1979)

  9. The Three Parts of the Republican Party  A. Economic Conservatives & Laissez-Faire: Low Taxes, Low Govt. Spending, Reduce Welfare B. Cultural Conservatives & the Religious Right: Anti-Abortion, Anti-Gay Rights C. Military Conservatives & War Hawks: Aggressive Military Spending

  10. Political Trends 1932-1968: 28/36 Years = Democratic Presidents (FDR, Truman, JFK, LBJ) 1968-2008: 28/40 Years = Republican Presidents (Nixon, Ford, Reagan, Papa Bush, Baby Bush)

  11. Ronald Reagan • CA. Governor Reagan • Anti-communist • “Black and white” • “New Day in America” • Charismatic • Channeled anger of mainstream white America at minorities, immigrants, feminists, taxes, affirmative action, big government

  12. What caused this shift in American political thought?

  13. With the close election victory in 1980, the Reagan revolution would bring a significant shift in the political direction of the nation. “Reaganomics” – Sometimes called the theory of Supply-side economics. Rests on the assumption that if taxes are reduced, people will work more and have more money to spend, causing the economy to grow. The government will then collect more taxes. But in order to cut taxes and balance the budget, Reagan would need to reduce federal spending on programs favored by both democrats and republicans.

  14. Economic Recovery Act of 1981 – Reduced taxes by 25% over 3 years. Richest Americans received the biggest tax cut. Why? Would use the money they saved to invest back in the economy in the form of new businesses. Cut $40 billion from federal budget. Mostly on social programs. Deregulation – removal of governmental control over industry. Deregulated airline, tele-communications, and banking industries. Also cut funding for federal agencies that oversaw many other agencies. Despite Reagan’s economic policies, the economy experienced a severe recession from 1980 – 1982. 10% unemployment! Loss of blue collar jobs, and farms to oversea competitions. Policies to fight inflation from the 1970s Increase in immigration, both legal and illegal

  15. Reagan Quotes 1. The Soviet Union is an Evil Empire, and Soviet communism is the focus of evil in the modern world. 2. Man is not free unless government is limited. 3. We have the duty to protect the life of an unborn child. 4. We should measure welfare's success by how many people leave welfare, not by how many are added.

  16. Reaganomics: “Trickle-Down” • DOD spending up 45% • $3 trillion debt, 1981-9 • Rising # of Fortune 500 companies • Expansion of “working poor” • Decline in real wages • Household debt • Deregulation and Savings & Loan Crisis $500 b • Ketchup is a vegetable • Tax cuts boosted elite incomes • Privatization and deregulation

  17. Did Reagan’s Style Equal Substance? A. Reagan as an Economic Conservative? • Tax Cuts But Bigger Debt

  18. Reagan's Economic Legacy • Ronald Reagan had taken office vowing to stimulate the American economy by rolling back government regulations, lowering taxes, and balancing the budget • Supply-side economic theory had promised that lower taxes would actually increase government revenue because they would stimulate the economy as a whole • The combination of tax reduction and huge increases in military spending caused $200 billion in annual deficits

  19. Reagan's Economic Legacy • The large deficits of the Reagan years were financed by many foreign countries, esp. Japan • Greater dependence on foreign investment for domestic economic stability – legacy? • By appearing to make new social spending both practically and politically impossible for the foreseeable future, though, the economic deficits served their purpose • They achieved Reagan's highest political objective:  the containment of the welfare state

  20. Unemployment: 10% by 1983

  21. Economic Nationalism

  22. American hostages in Lebanon Communist Sandinistas in Nicaragua American weapons sold to Iran – hostages released $$$ from Iran funneled to Contras in Nicaragua Reagan denies knowledge - Why no 2nd Watergate?

  23. “The Culture Wars” • Abortion • Immigration • Affirmative Action • Bilingual Education • Multiculturalism • Communism • Homosexuality • Taxation • Church and State

  24. The War on Drugs • Mid-1980's--crack cocaine introduced • addiction spread through all classes • exploding crime rate • Reagan attempts interdiction of supply • Bush, Clinton continue Reagan policy • At the end of the century there seemed to be no end to the war on drugs

  25. Significant Dates: • 1970: Narcotics Treatment Administration formed (President Nixon) • In part due to military addiction to heroin from Vietnam • Treatment received majority of funds • 1970: Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act • “Federalization” or “nationalization” of drug control • Created 5 drug schedules through Controlled Substances Act

  26. Significant Dates: • 1971: Nixon declares war on drugs • Most money for treatment • 1971: Operation Golden Flow • Required returning soldiers to take urine test

  27. Significant Dates: • 1972: Office of Drug Abuse & Law Enforcement (ODALE) formed (President Nixon) Coordinated task forces to reduce drugs and crime • Shifted focus to law enforcement approach • 1973: Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) • Primary federal agency involved in drug seizures and busts • 1978: Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act amended • Allowed for asset forfeiture

  28. Significant Dates: • 1981: US-Colombia treaty • Allowed extradition of traffickers to US • 1983: DARE founded in LA, California • Totally ineffective • 1984: Comprehensive Crime Control Act • Longer sentences and increased bail amounts for drug offenders • 1985: “Just Say No” (Nancy Reagan) • Totally ineffective

  29. Continued… • HIV-AIDS • God’s punishment • Desegregation • State’s Rights • School Prayer • Abortion • Operation Rescue • Affirmative Action • Hand-outs

  30. Immigration • 1964 law • 8 million legally • 1986 IRCA (Reagan Administration) • Legalization • Nominal fines • Southeast Asia & Latin America • Reasons • Economics • Obstacles • Culture wars, racism • INS/Border Patrol, Operation Hold the Line, Gatekeeper • Propositions against bi-lingual education and public schooling, health care for undocumented immigrants

  31. Cycles of Anti-Immigrant Fear 1910s 1990s

  32. International Events • End of the Cold War • Reagan: “Evil Empire” • Mikhail Gorbachev • Fall of the Berlin Wall • Collapse of USSR • Reagan took credit for the end of the Cold War • Glasnost and Perestroika

  33. Conclusions • History is who we are • Multiple perspectives • Evidence, sources, argument • Skepticism and free thinking • People make history • Resistance and criticism are healthy • Multiple views of patriotism • Justice, equality, human rights

  34. Bush I to Bush II: The 1990s • Post Cold War • Unclear foreign policy • Who is the enemy now? • Focused on domestic issues • Gulf War • NAFTA • New Democrats • Balanced Budget • Immigration • 2000 Election

  35. George I: 1988-1992 • Connecticut Family • Director of CIA • VP to Reagan • Invasion of Panama • Iranian Revolution and Iran-Iraq War • Over 60% of global oil

  36. Middle East • Persian Gulf War of 1991 • Iraq invaded Kuwait • Sent 200,000 troops to Saudi Arabia (Desert Shield) warn Saddam Hussein • Increased troops to 430,000 and in February 1991 invaded Iraq to free Kuwait • Control of the media, “smart bombs”, and Colin Powell’s “overwhelming force” doctrine

  37. Continued • Americans with Disabilities Act • Clean Air Act • Corporate Mergers • Computers, Autos, financial industry • Indian Gaming and Regulatory Act, 1988 • Indian Casinos • 1991 Rodney King, police brutality, and “riots / rebellion” in Los Angeles • Police acquitted • Over 50 died, $1 billion in damage

  38. A “New Democrat”: 1992-2000 • Arkansas Gov. • Working class, single parent household • Charismatic • Sexual issues… • Opposed Vietnam War • New Democrat • Fiscally conservative • Socially moderate • Multilateralism

  39. Main Issues and Events • Tried to allow gays and lesbians to openly serve in the military • Failed. Cultural conservatives and military leaders opposed it. “Don’t ask, don’t tell.” • Tried to reform health care system to benefit the poor and uninsured. • Failed. Pharmaceutical industry, doctors, republicans opposed it. • Balance the Budget. • Succeeded. Returned taxes on the rich back to previous levels. Cut spending. Increased tax credit for low income families

  40. Early 1990s • Post-Cold War era • No communist “menace” • Base closures • Economic growth • Wealth discrepancies, “knowledge economy” • Demise of Unions • Deep political divisions • Ongoing “Culture Wars” • Global Warming and environmental pollution • Consumer Debt

  41. “Contract with America” • 1994 Congressional Elections • Newt Gingrich • Speaker of the House • Welfare “Reform” • Balanced Budget • More prisons & harder sentences • Defense spending • End abortion • 39% voted

  42. Continued… • Bill and Monica • Cover-up • House: Articles of Impeachment • Senate: No • 1993: North American Free Trade Agreement • 1994: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade • 1995: Oklahoma City and Timothy McVeigh

  43. The 2000 Election • Most bitterly contested election in 100 years • Gore/Lieberman • Moderate populism • Shadow of Clinton • Bush/Cheney • “Compassionate Conservative” • Roughly ½ of eligible voters went to polls • Voting irregularities • Florida

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