Chapter 03 Computer Hardware

1. Chapter 03Computer Hardware By Pribadi Nirwana, ST MTI-V Weekend 2005

2. Major types, trends, and uses of microcomputer, midrange and mainframe computer systems The major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage Identify and give examples of the components and functions of a computer system Identify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice, and explain the reasons for your selections. Learning Objectives

3. Types of Computers Large, Fast, and Powerful Hundreds of Millions of Instructions per Second (MIPS) Large Primary Storage Superservers for Large Client/Server Networks Data Warehousing and Mining Electronic Commerce Applications • Computer System Categories • Mainframe Computers • Midrange Computers • Microcomputers • Client-Server Networks • Information Appliances High-End Network Servers Process Business Applications Less Costly to Busy and Maintain that Mainframes Scientific Research Engineering Analysis Process Monitoring and Control CAD Systems Front-End to Mainframes Personal Computer (PC) Professional Workstations Multiuser Systems Desktop Systems Laptops Workstation Computers Network Servers Used by Workers in Networks Sealed Low-Cost Systems Network Microcomputers No or Minimal Disk Storage Dependent Upon Internet or Intranets for Operations Standardization Reduced Costs of Maintenance and Upgrades Smart Gadgets Cellular Phones and Pagers Hand-Held PCs Web-Based Games Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

4. Computer Terminals • Dumb Terminals • Intelligent Terminals • Network Terminals • Windows Terminals • Internet Terminals • Transaction Terminals • ATM Machines • POS Terminals

5. Supercomputer Systems • Extremely Powerful Systems • Large-Scale Data Mining • Parallel Processing • Floating Point Decimal Operations – • Billions - Gigaflops • Trillions - Teraflops • Symmetric Multiprocessing – SMP • Minisupercomputers

6. The Computer System Concept Central Processing Unit Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Input Devices Output Devices System Bus Special Purpose Processors Primary Storage Memory Cache Memory • Visual Display Unit • Printer • Audio-Response • Physical Control Devices, etc. • Keyboard • Mouse • Touch Screen • Optical-Scanner • Voice Recognition • etc. Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic Disk Tape Units Optical Disks, etc.

7. Computer Processing Speeds • Thousandths – Milliseconds • Millionths – Microseconds • Billionths – Nanoseconds • Trillionths – Picoseconds • MIPS • Megahertz (MHz) • Gigahertz (GHz) • Internal Clock • Registers and Caches

8. Input - Output and Storage Technologies Using the Right Peripherals Value of Consolidating Operations

9. Peripheral Devices INPUT • Online vs. Offline Devices • Natural User Interface • Pointing Devices • Graphical User Interface (GUI) • Electronic Mouse • Trackball • Pointing Stick • Touchpad • Touch Screens Speech Recognition Systems Optical Scanning Discrete Speech Recognition Continuous Speech Recognition (CSR) Training Time • Dragon Naturally Speaking • IBM’s Via Voice Speaker Independent Systems Voice Messaging Computers Document Management Flatbed Scanners Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Wands and Bar Coding Uniform Product Code (UPC) Other Input Technologies Magnetic Stripe Smart Cards Digital Cameras Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

10. Output Technologies • Voice Response • Video Output • Video Monitor • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) • Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) • Flat-Panel TVs • Plasma Display Panels • Printer Output • Inkjet Printers • Laser Printers • Color Laser Printers • Multifunction Inkjet Printers

11. A B C D E Computer Storage Sequential Access Storage Device Direct Access Storage Device Read/Write Head Read/Write Head C A E D B

12. Computer Storage • Binary Representation • Bit • Byte • Kilobytes (KB) - k • Megabytes (MB) • Gigabytes (GB) • Terabytes (TB) • Petabytes – Over 1 Quadrillion Bytes Direct Access • Random Access (RAM) • Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD) Sequential Access Semiconductor Memory • RAM Memory – Random Access • ROM Memory – Read Only

13. Storage Trade-offs Primary Storage Semi- conductor Memory Access Speed Increases Storage Capacity Decreases Magnetic Disks Cost per Bit Increases Optical Disks Secondary Storage Magnetic Tape

14. Optional Case Studies Click to go to Case 1 Real World Case 1 Progressive Insurance and UniFirst Corp: The Case for Mobile Computing Systems Real World Case 2 Delta and Northwest Airlines: The Business Value of Customer Self-Service Kiosks Click to go to Case 2 Real World Case 3 Nappi Distributors and Old Dominion Freight Line: The Business Value of Wireless Handhelds Click to go to Case 3 Real World Case 4 Wisconsin Physicians Service and Winnebago: Moving to Linux on the Mainframe Click to go to Case 4

15. Case 1 Progressive Insurance andUniFirst Corp: The Case for Mobile Computing Systems 1- What are the business benefits and limitations of Progressive’s IRV system and the UniFirst PDA system? Progressive’s IRV system Benefits would include: • A competitive edge in providing fast claims service. • Improved customer relations. • More productive claims reps. • Claims settled in less time. Limitations would include: • All necessary information to settle the claim may not be available to the claims reps and settlements may be incorrect. • Reduced data verification by company supervisory staff may lead to a higher error occurrence of incorrect claims settlements. UniFirst PDA system Benefits would include: • Information provided to field sales professionals to support their sales and service activities in real time. • Information provided to sales professionals in the field to assist in follow-ups. • Lower costs • Increased revenues. • Reduction of number of employees – data entry. • Reduction in past-due invoices. • Managers can create calendars, prioritize accounts and help the reps sell. Limitations would include: • PDA technology must be used by “people who often shun the stuff.” • Verification of input data is lost by the elimination of data input employees. Sales reps are responsible for data input accuracy. • IT improvements limited to the business processes and have not been made to differentiate UniFirst from competition.

16. Case 1 Progressive Insurance andUniFirst Corp: The Case for Mobile Computing Systems 2- What computer system technologies could Progressive add to improve the business value of their IRV program? Why? Limitations would include: • PDA technology must be used by “people who often shun the stuff.” • Verification of input data is lost by the elimination of data input employees. Sales reps are responsible for data input accuracy. • IT improvements limited to the business processes and have not been made to differentiate UniFirst from competition. 3- Should UniFirst switch from PDA’s to laptop PCs or tablet PCs? Why or why not? • Cost savings vs. cost of a change to a different technology. • Anticipated improvement in revenues. • Cost savings vs. cost of a change to a different technology. • Anticipated improvement in revenues. • Improved customer relations.

17. Case 2 Delta and NorthwestAirlines: The Business Value of Customer Self-Service Kiosks 1- What computer system technologies and functions are included in self-service kiosks? What other technologies should be provided? Why? Items to Discuss Include: • Special-purpose microcomputer terminals. • Video touch screens • High speed thermal printer • Magnetic stripe card reader 2- What is the customer value of self-service kiosks for airline check-in? What other services should be provided? Discussion Points Include: • Reduced customer waiting time • Customer relationship is improved. • Costs reduced or minimized by the reduction of employee cost of handling routine procedures for travelers. 3- What is the business value of self-service kiosks in the airline industry? Do self-service kiosks give airlines a competitive advantage? Why or why not? Points About Business Value: • Reduces costs or at least reduces the increase in cost. • Improves customer relations by making check-in and subsequent activities are easy as possible. • Reduces the waiting time for customers that increase after Sept. 11.

18. Case 3 Nappi Distributors and Old Dominion Freight Line:The Business Value of Wireless Handhelds Benefits – • Reduced waiting time for sales reps • Reduced time to process an order. • Reduction in employee costs or number of employees required to input sales orders. 1- What are the business benefits and limitations of the use of wireless handheld computers by Nappi Distributors? How could their mobile sales application be improved? Limitations – • Interference from radar sites in the area. • Upgrade of system to include new features is more difficult to learn. • Transmission speed is slow. Improvement in Mobile Sales Application Includes: • Speech recognition to reduce keying in of orders. • Table PCs • Touch screen technology • PDAs

19. Case 3 Nappi Distributors and Old Dominion Freight Line:The Business Value of Wireless Handhelds 2- What are the business benefits and limitations of the use of wireless handheld computers by Old Dominion Freight Lines? How could their mobile freight management application be improved? Benefits – • Increased customer satisfaction. • Improved driver efficiency. • Reduction in loading errors. • More stops per day. • Improved accountability by drivers. Limitations – • Requires better trained drivers. • Charges by character requires communications be brief. • Dependent upon a network of wireless service providers. System failure causes company delivery service to be delayed. Improvements in the mobile freight management application could include: • Speech recognition to reduce keying in of orders. • Optical scanning wands.

20. Case 4 Wisconsin PhysiciansService and Winnebago: Movingto Linux on the Mainframe 1- How can a mainframe use Linux to replace the equivalent of hundreds of Unix or Windows servers? Server consolidation –replacing dozens or even hundreds of separate Intel-based Linux or Windows servers with a partition on the mainframe that dedicates a single processor, memory and other system sources to running Linux. • WPS move to Linux on the mainframe • To leverage the mainframe’s reliability • To keep support costs low • WPS created a virtual Linux Server running on one 250-MIPS processor available within an IBM mainframe • Costs were only 40% of that for ordering, installing and configuring a new Intel-based server • Virtual servers can be created within 2 to 3 minutes and deliver as much as 9 times the throughput of a stand-alone server • Winnebago implemented a groupware application for Linux on an IBM mainframe • Windows NT servers had to be rebooted weekly in an effort to improve their stability • On the mainframe, everything is geared to run 24/7 • It was more cost-effective to use part of his existing mainframe capacity and his staff’s mainframe skills to run its Linux-based e-mail system 2- What are the business benefits and challenges of using Linux on a mainframe to replace Windows or Unix servers? 3- What business applications are best suited to servers? To mainframes? Servers – Windows application since they don’t run on Linux and applications that have complex graphical user interfaces or that perform complicated data analysis can use so much processing power that it’s more cost-effective to keep running them on stand-along servers. Users have also been reluctant to move complex applications such as SAP R/3, which can take years to implement on distributed servers, onto a new environment. Mainframes – Some of the best candidates for consolidation are infrastructure applications such as file and print services, e-mail, domain name servers and Web servers.

21. Thanks