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Comprehensive Review of Endocrine Principles and Hormonal Functions

This document aims to review fundamental aspects of endocrinology, establishing a foundational understanding of hormonal functions. It covers the biosynthesis, storage, excretion, and metabolism of hormones, categorized by origin, activation, and chemical composition. The types of hormones discussed include amino acid derivatives, proteins, and lipid derivatives, highlighting their roles as potent regulators of biological processes. The document also explores receptor specificity, hormone transport, regulation in response to biological activity, and mechanisms of action, providing a comprehensive overview of the endocrine system.

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Comprehensive Review of Endocrine Principles and Hormonal Functions

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  1. 6. ENDOCRINE PRINCIPLES V BS 122 2012 Luis A. Bate

  2. OBJECTIVES TO REVIEW BASIC ASPECTS OF ENDOCRINOLOGY TO ESTABLISH A BASELINE KNOWLEDGE REFERENCE Review Chapter 5 Senger Chapter 74 Guyton

  3. HORMONES Potent regulators of biological functions Their biosynthesis, storage, excretion and metabolism depends on their chemical structure and composition F 6-1

  4. NEURO-ENDOCRINE NERVOUS ENDOCRINE NEURON SECRETORY CELL NEURON TARGET TARGET TARGET F 6-2

  5. F 6-2

  6. AUTOCRINE SECRETORY CELL ENDOCRINE PARACRINE TARGET TARGET F 6-3

  7. CLASSIFICATION • Origin • Pituitary, thyroid, gonad • Activation • Direct synthesis, conversion, cleavage • Chemical composition • Amino acids, lipids, proteins • Function/action • Neurotransmitters, inhibitors F 6-4

  8. TYPE OF HORMONES Amino acid derivatives Proteins Lipid derivatives F 6-5

  9. AMINO ACIDS DERIVATIVES • Neurotransmitters • Catecholamines (Tyrosine derivative) • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Dopamine • GABA • Thyroid hormones • Triiodothyronine (T3) • Thyroxine (T4) F 6-6

  10. PROTEINS • Small peptides • TRH 3 aa • Polypeptides • GnRH 10 aa, ACTH 41 aa • Glycoproteins • LH, FSH, TSH F 6-7

  11. LIPIDS • Steroids • Progestogens, glucocorticoids • 21 C progesterone, cortisol • Androgens • 19 C testosterone • Estrogens • 18 C estrone, estradiol, estriol • Prostaglandins • PGF2α, PGE, PGH F 6-8

  12. Glutamate HOOC CH (CH ) COOH (CH ) COOH 2 2 2 3 decarboxylase NH NH 2 2 HYPOTHALAMUS CO GLUTAMICACID GABA 2 ( GAMMA-AMINO BUTYRIC ACID) F 6-9

  13. O NH NH 2 2 CH CH CH CH HO 2 2 COOH COOH O TYROSINE PHENYLALANINE CO 2 2 NH 2 NH NH 2 2 CH CH HO 2 CH CH CH CH HO HO 2 2 2 2 COOH HO DOPA DOPAMINE HO DOPAMINE O B-OXIDASE H CH 2 CH H N 3 H NH 2 C CH HO HO C CH 2 2 PNMT O O (Phenyl ethanol H H amine N HO HO Methyl transferase) EPINEPHRINE NOREPINEPHRINE ADRENAL GLAND RATE LIMITINGSTEP F 6-10

  14. Cys OXYTOCIN Tyr S IIe S Gln Cys-Pro-Leu-GlyNH 2 Asn Cys Tyr S IIe S Gln Cys Pro-Leu-Gly NH Asn 2 MIF-I TOCINOIC ACID MIF-II F 6-11

  15. INSULIN INSULIN PROINSULIN CPEPTIDE αCHAIN βCHAIN F 6-12

  16. β α Active hormone β unit Inactive α unit inactive F 6-13

  17. β unit LH properties α unit common β unit FSH properties F 6-14

  18. GLYCOPROTEINS

  19. NH 2 CH CH COOH O HO 2 T 4 NH 2 CH CH COOH HO O 2 ACTIVE T 3 NH 2 CH CH COOH O HO 2 INACTIVE rT 3 NH 2 O CH CH COOH HO 2 THYRONINE T CATABOLITE 0 THYROID RELATEDHORMONES PROHORMONE? F 6-15

  20. Cyclopentanopherhydrophenanthrene ph ta no er hy en Cy cl op dr op • e he nt en na hr F 6-16

  21. CHOLESTANE 21 CH CH 27 3 3 18 20 CH CH CH CH 12 CH H C 2 2 2 22 23 24 25 3 17 11 16 CH 13 D 26 3 C 19 1 H C 3 9 14 15 2 10 8 A B 3 7 5 4 6 F 6-17

  22. CH CH 3 3 CH CH CH CH CH H C 2 2 2 3 CH 3 H C 3 F 6-17

  23. CH 3 CH CH CH CH CH 3 2 2 2 CH CH H C 2 3 3 HC 3 CHOLESTANE TO PREGNANE = 21 C F 6-18

  24. CH 3 CH 2 H C 3 HC 3 PREGNANE TO ANDROSTANE = 19 C F 6-19

  25. H C 3 H C 3 ANDROSTANE TO ESTRANE = 18 C F 6-20

  26. STEROID NOMENCLATURE • Prefix Suffix Indicates • Hydroxy -ol Hydroxyl group (-OH) • β-OH - Hydroxyl above plane • α-OH - Hydroxyl below plane • Oxo one Keto or carbonyl group (C=O) • - al Aldehyde (-CHO) • Carboxy -oic acid Carboxylic acid (COOH) • - -ene Double bond (-C=C-) • - -yne Triple bond (-C=C-) • - -ane Saturated ring

  27. CORTISOL 21 OH CH 2 20 C O HC OH OH 3 17 11 H C 3 3 O 4 PREGN-4-ENE-3, 20 DIONE, 11β, 17α, 21 TRIOL F 6-22

  28. PROSTAGLANDINS Arachidonicacid Cyclooxygenase Prostaglandin E F 6-23

  29. PROSTAGLANDINS F 6-24

  30. LATENT PERIOD • Ultra short Pre-existing , Enzymes (Seconds) Permeability • Very short Enzymatic cascades (Minutes) • Short Peptide assembly (½-1 hour) • Long Protein induction (Hours) • Very long Growth, cell proliferation (Days) • Ultra long Cell enhancement (Weeks) F 6-25

  31. β α γ G protein F 6-26

  32. SECOND MESSENGER IAC AAC α β γ G protein DIRE CAMP ATP IPK APK Response: Enzyme act Membrane change Prot Synth. PARE ATP ADP F 6-27

  33. CLASSICAL STEROID ACTION F 6-28

  34. RECEPTOR Structure to which a hormone binds to trigger a biological response It is composed of a binding site joined by a transduction or coupling mechanism to an effector site F 6-29

  35. Characteristics of G Protein- Coupled receptors Extra cellular amino terminal variable number of aa 3 extra cellular loops (exoloops) 7 transmembrane domains 20-27aa 3 intracellular loops (introloops) Intracellular carboxyl terminal 10-700 aa F 6-30

  36. G protein Channel Enzyme Nuclear receptor RECEPTOR TYPES F 6-31

  37. HORMONE SPECIFICITY Non Specific= No Response Specific=Response Semi Specific= Some Response Specific= Response F 6-32

  38. RECEPTOR AFFINITY Highaffinity Lowaffinity Response Response F 6-33

  39. NUMBER OF SITES Response No response F 6-34

  40. SPECIFICITY OFTISSUE No response Response F 6-35

  41. HORMONE Synthesis Secretion Transport Metabolism RECEPTOR Synthesis Modification Metabolism Regulation of hormone availability and biological activity[H] + [R] ↔ [HR] F 6-36

  42. DOWN-REGULATION Full response Low response F 6-37

  43. UPREGULATION Modest response Maximal response F 6-38

  44. HETEROREGULATION F 6-39

  45. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK F 6-40

  46. POSITIVE FEEDBACK F 6-41

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