Threads
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Presentation Transcript
Today • Processes and Scheduling • Threads • Abstract Object Models • Computation Models • Java Support for Threads
Process vs. Program • processes as the basic unit of execution • managed by OS • OS as any RTE, executes processes • OS creates processes from programs, and manages their resources
Process resources • To keep running, a process requires at least the following resources: • program (from which the process is created) • two blocks of memory: stack , heap • resource tables: File handles, socket handles, IO handles, window handles. • control attributes: Execution state, Process relationship • processor state information: contents of registers, Program Counter (PC), Stack Pointer
Program context • all the information the OS needs to keep track of the state of a process during its execution: • program counter • registers • memory associated with the process • Register: very fast memory inside the CPU
The Scheduler - OS component responsible for sharing the CPU • OS run multiple processes simultaneously on a single CPU. • OS interleaves the execution of the active processes: • runs a process a little while • interrupts it and keeps its context in memory • runs another process for a little while Context switch
UP(uni-processor) - single CPU system single process executing at given time • SMP(symmetric multi processor) - several CPUs / cores in single CPU: number of processes concurrently execute
Scheduler • list of active processes - scheduler switch from one executing process to another • Two interaction paradigms for scheduler with current active processes: • Non-Preemptive Scheduling • Preemptive Scheduling
Non-preemptive scheduling Non-Preemptive - process signals to OS when process is ready to relinquish the CPU: • special system call • process waits for an external event (I/O) • scheduler select next process to execute according to a scheduling policy • pick the highest priority process • Dos, Windows 3.1 , older versions of Mac OS.
Preemptive scheduling Preemptive: scheduler interrupts executing process • interrupt issued using clock hardware: • sends interrupt at regular intervals • suspends currently executing process • starts scheduler • process passes control to OS: each time the process invokes a system call • scheduler selects process to execute, according to the scheduling policy • all modern OS support preemptive scheduling. time slice: duration between two clock interrupts . time process execute un-interrupted
Context Switch - OS switches between one executing process and next one • consumes several milliseconds of processing time (10^4 simple CPU operations). • transparent to processes (process is not able to tell it was preempted)
Context Switch - steps • Timer interrupt – suspend currently executing process, start scheduler • Save process context, for later resume • Select next process using scheduling policy • Retrieve next process context • Restore the state of the new process (registers , program counter) • Flush CPU cache (process has new memory map, can not use cache of old process) • Resume new process (start executing code from instruction that was interrupted)
Cache • Accessing RAM memory is expensive • compared to computation step on the CPU. • CPU cache: frequently used memory addresses • small very-fast memory section, on the CPU. • a memory address copied in the CPU cache, can be R/W as fast as computation on the CPU. • context switch: CPU cache become invalid – cache ``flushed'' - cells written back to actual RAM and cleared.
The video player example • The player should take the following steps in playing the video: • Read video from disk • Decompress video • Decode video • Display on screen • video is larger than actual RAM memory • video is watched before download completes
Interleaving (sequential) solution • Read some video data (disk /network) • Decompress • Decode • Display on screen. • Repeat until the video ends • difficult to program correctly (modularity) • error prone • complexity explodes as concurrent activities increase A B C D
Multi-process solution • playing the movie is decomposed into several independent tasks = processes: • read movie, decompress ,decode ,display + no need to control interleaving of tasks - processes communication
Threads - definition • single process, multiple tasks simultaneous (no communication, no context switch…) • multiple threads executing concurrently • share all the resources allocated to process • communicate with each other using constructs which are built in most modern languages • share memory space / each thread own stack • share opened files and access rights
Low cost context switch between threads • not all steps of a regular context switch need to be taken: • no need to restore context (share resources) • no need to flush the CPU cache (share memory) • switch stacks
multi-threaded solution - concurrency • single process, several threads design: • thread reads video stream and place chunks in chunk queue. • thread reads chunks from queue, decompress and place in decompressed queue. • thread decodes into frames and queues in frame queue… • final thread takes frame and displays on screen.
Concurrency advantages Liberate from invoking method and blocking, while waiting for reply • Reactive programming: programs do multiple things at a time, reactive response to input • video player, GUI…
Concurrency advantages • Availability: common design pattern for service provider programs: • thread as gateway for incoming service consumers • thread for handling requests • FTP server: gateway thread to handle new clients connecting, thread (per client) to deal with long file transfers.
Concurrency advantages • Controllability: thread can be suspended, resumed or stopped by another thread • Simplified design: Software objects usually model real objects... • real life objects are independent and parallel. • designing autonomous behavior is easier than sequential (interleaving between objects) • Simplified implementation than processes
Concurrency advantages • Parallelization: • on multiprocessor machines, threads executes truly concurrently allowing one thread per CPU. • on single CPU, execution paths are interleaved • services provided by RTE operate in a concurrent manner
Concurrency limitations - resource consumption, efficiency and program complexity • Safety: multiple threads share resources -need for synchronization mechanisms • guarantee consistent state vs. random looking, inconsistencies, real-time debugging • Liveness: keeping a thread alive in concurrent programming • Non determinism: executions of concurrent program are not identical - harder to predict understand and debug.
Concurrency limitations - resource consumption, efficiency and program complexity • Context switching overhead: when a job performed in a thread is small • Request/Reply programming: threads are not a good choice in sequential tasks • synchronizing costs and introduce complexity • Synchronization overhead: execution time and complexity • Process: when activity is self contained and heavy - encapsulate in a different standalone program. Can be accessed via system services
Abstract Object Models • programming issues related to threads • formal model of concurrent objects • can be implemented in different RTEs or programming languages. • abstract model -> implementation in Java
represent/simulate a water tank • Attributes: capacity, currentVolume, represented as fields of WaterTank objects • Invariant state constraints: currentVolume always remains between zero and capacity • Operations describing behaviors such as those to addWater and removeWater. • Connections to other objects • Preconditions and postconditions on the effects of operations • Protocols constraining when and how messages (operation requests) are processed.
Object models framework • structure of object: • class • internal attributes - state • connections to other objects • local internal methods • messaging methods - interface in Java, sending a message to an object is just calling one of the object's public methods
Object models framework • Object identity: • objects are constructed any time (resources!) • by any object (access control!) • object maintains unique identity • Encapsulation: • separation between inside and outside parts - internal state can be modified only by object(assuming internal members are private)
Object models framework • Communication between objects • message passing • objects issue messages - trigger actions in other • simple procedural calls/communication protocols. • Connections: • send message by identity/ by communication channel identities
Object models framework • Objects can perform only the following operations: • Accept a message • Update their internal state • Send a message • Create a new object
computation models: sequential mappings general-purpose computer can be exploited to pretend it is any object: • loading description of corresponding .class into VM • VM construct passive representation of instance • VM interpret associated operations. • extends to programs involving many objects of different classes • VM is itself an object - can pretend it is any other object
On a sequential JVM - impossible to simulate concurrent interacting waterTank objects • message-passing is sequential - there is no need for concurrent processing
active objects (actor models) • every object is autonomous and powerful as a sequential VM. • objects reside on different machines • message passing is performed via remote communication. • object-oriented view of OS-level processes: • process is independent of, and shares as few as possible resources with other processes.
active objects • different objects may reside on different machines • location and administrative domain of an object are often important • message passing is arranged via remote communication (for example via sockets) • number of protocols: oneway messaging multicasts procedure-style request-reply
active objects • agents programming paradigm:
active objects • The active object design pattern decouples method execution from method invocation • introduce concurrency, by using asynchronous method invocation and scheduler for requests • pattern consists of six elements: • proxy - interface towards clients with publicly accessible methods. • interface defines the method request on an active object. • list of pending requests from clients • scheduler, which decides which request to execute next • implementation of the active object method. • callback or variable for the client to receive the result.
Mixed models - multithreading • between the two extremes of passive and active models. • concurrent VM may be composed of multiple threads of execution • each thread acts in about the same way as a single sequential VM • all threads share access to the same set of passive representations (unlike pure active objects )
Mixed models • can simulate the first two models, but not vice versa. • passive sequential models can be programmed using only one thread. • active models can be programmed by creating as many threads as there are active objects, • !!!avoiding situations in which more than one thread can access a given passive representation
Thread-based concurrent object oriented models • separate passive from active objects. • passive objects show thread-awareness (locks)
Java Support for Threads • JVM implements the mixed object model (until now, you have been using only passive object) • Runnable interface - implemented by class whose instances are intended to be executed by a thread • define a method run()
classMessagePrinter • method run() - when invoked, the object prints a message which it received in constructor main:
