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Avian Poultry Pathology: Toxins, Diseases, and Metabolic Disorders

Explore the pathology of poultry, from toxicosis like mycotoxins and heavy metals to metabolic disorders such as gout and fatty liver syndrome. Study the unique diseases affecting avian species like amyloidosis and MPS in emus. Discover the histopathology and clinical signs associated with various ailments in birds.

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Avian Poultry Pathology: Toxins, Diseases, and Metabolic Disorders

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  1. Poultry Pathology – Part III H. L. Shivaprasad CAHFS – Tulare University of California, Davis

  2. Avian Toxicosis • Mycotoxins • Heavy metals • Ionophores • Gases; PTFE, Ammonia, CO • Selenium, salt, calcium • Vitamins • Antibiotics • Rodenticides • Plants • Others

  3. Ergot toxicity – toes, quail

  4. Gizzard contents (roofing nails, zinc toxicity) – duck.

  5. Gizzard contents (Pennies, zinc toxicity) – Ostrich.

  6. Lead toxicity, duck - lead pellets in gizzard Lead toxicity (gizzard), duck- myocardial degeneration

  7. Gizzard contents (22 caliber, lead toxicity) – Chicken

  8. Lead inclusions – kidney, psittacine. Histopathology ( H & E) and TEM

  9. Ionophore toxicity (monensin) - turkeys Monensin toxicity – Clinical signs, turkeys. Skeletal muscle degeneration.

  10. Salt toxicity–symmetrical encephalomalacia, turkey poult

  11. Ammonia toxicity – chicken Corneal erosion/ulceration

  12. Diphacinone (green) and zinc phosphide (grey) toxicity – pea fowl. Liver – hemorrhage. Crop contents

  13. Aminoglycoside/tetracycline toxicity – nephrosis, chickens

  14. Cotton defoliant toxicity Trachea - turkeys

  15. Salt toxicity–environmental induced, Ruddy ducks

  16. Avian Metabolic Diseases • Hemochromatosis • Amyloidosis • Gout (visceral and articular) • Hepatic Lipidosis • Hemorrhagic fatty liver syndrome (chickens) • Atherosclerosis • Diabetes mellitus

  17. Avian Metabolic Diseases • Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (emu) • Aortic rupture • Coronary artery aneurysm (turkeys) • Round heart disease (turkeys) • Ascites syndrome (chickens) • Tibial dyschondroplasia • Deep pectoral myopathy

  18. Amyloidosis • a condition where in amorphous eosinophilic substance, amyloid is deposited, primarily extracellularly • two types of amyloid; primary and secondary • primary: associated with plasma cell neoplasia secondary: associated with chronic infections others: based on origin of amyloid, chemical composition (17 proteins), localized, endocrine (insulin), aging(senile), etc.

  19. Amyloidosis – common in waterfowl, finches and canaries

  20. Amyloidosis, ‘water belly’ in ducks Hepatic amyloidosis - ducks

  21. Amyloidosis, liver, duck. Gross and histopathology

  22. Amyloidosis, spleens - duck.

  23. Amyloid arthropathy – Brown Leghorn chicken. Mycoplasma synoviae Amyloid arthropathy – Brown Leghorn chicken.Enterococcus faecalis

  24. Amyloid arthropathy – Brown Leghorn chicken.Congo Red and green birefringence

  25. GOUT (urate deposit) • gout is a metabolic condition where abnormal accumulation of white chalky or white semi-fluid-like urates in soft tissues of various organs in the body • uric acid is the endproduct of protein and purine metabolism (uricotelic) in birds, where as in mammals urea is the endproduct (ureotelic) • birds lack the enzyme, carbamylphosphate synthetase to dispose of ammonia and the enzyme uricase to decarboxylate uric acid to allontoin

  26. Gout • Gout occurs as two distinct syndromes; visceral and articular urate deposits (gout) • these two syndromes differ in age of onset, frequency, sex predilection, gross and microscopic lesions, pathogenesis and causes • great deal of confusion exists between the two syndromes because urate deposition takes place in joints in visceral gout also • term “visceral gout” should be replaced with the term “visceral urate deposits”

  27. Differences between Visceral and Articular urate deposits (Gout)

  28. Visceral ‘vs’ Articular urate deposits

  29. Visceral ‘vs’ Articular urate deposits

  30. Visceral gout – joints, chicken Visceral urate deposits – joints and viscera, 5 day-old chick

  31. Visceral urate deposits – liver, heart, and heart/valves

  32. Visceral urate – joint, chicken Visceral urate deposits – kidneys

  33. Tophus (Nephritis/nephrosis) – visceral urate deposit

  34. Articular urate deposits – joints, chicken

  35. Hemorrhagic Fatty Liver Syndrome/Hepatic Lipidosis • Hemorrhagic Fatty Liver Syndrome (HFLS): is a disease of obese chicken layers in cages characterized by extremely fatty liver, drop in egg production and increased mortality due to ruptured liver • Obesity with fatty livers is common in pet birds; amazons, budgerigars, rose-breasted cockatoos and others

  36. Hemorrhagic fatty liver syndrome - chicken

  37. Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) Type IIIB in Emus • MPS type IIIB, also called sanfilippo B syndrome • first description in any animal • deficiency of N-acetyl-a-D-glucosaminidase • probably inherited as a autosomal recessive trait • sudden death, neurological signs in birds between 3 weeks and 6 months of age • ruptured liver or subcutaneous hemorrhage • accumulation of membrane bound substance in neurons of nervous tissue and visceral organs

  38. MPS IIIB – Emu. Clinical signs MPS IIIB – emu brain, swollen neurons

  39. MPS IIIB – emu brain, retina and TEM (brain)

  40. Metabolic diseases – cont. • Aortic rupture • most common in male turkeys, also in ostrich, emu • longitudinal slit/tear in aorta at the origin of coeliac • medial degeneration and loss of elastic fibers, plaque • genetics, hypertension, low copper, vasa vasorum defect ? • Coronary artery rupture • 15 -16 weeks-old male turkeys, 1.5-3.5% mortality • hemopericardium, hemorrhage at base of heart, medial degeneration of coronary artery, rupture • genetics, hypertension, low copper, increased body weights?

  41. Aortic Rupture, turkey – hemorrhage (left), normal aorta (middle), rupture of coeliac artery (right)

  42. Aortic Rupture, turkeys – rupture of coeliac artery

  43. Aortic rupture – ostrich and emu Histopathology - aorta

  44. Coronary artery aneurysm – Turkeys Hemopericardium, hemorrhage, heart

  45. Coronary artery aneurysm–turkey. H & E and elastic stains

  46. Metabolic diseases – cont. • Round heart disease of turkeys: • also called spontaneous cardiomyopathy • common condition in young commercial turkeys • dilated ventricles, chronic passive congestion of liver • cause is not known, genetics ? • Ascites syndrome of chickens: • common condition in broiler chickens • right heart hypertrophy, dilation, passive congestion of liver and ascites • rapid growth coupled with insufficient pulmonary capillary capacity aggravates pulmonary hypertension leading to right heart failure

  47. Round Heart disease - turkeys

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