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Ecosystems & the Ocean: Implementing Ocean Accounts for Sustainable Development

This overview discusses the importance of integrating ocean accounts into national planning and development processes to achieve sustainable development goals. It explores the unique characteristics of the ocean and how the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) can help in understanding and valuing ocean ecosystems. It also highlights country examples and challenges in implementing ocean accounts.

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Ecosystems & the Ocean: Implementing Ocean Accounts for Sustainable Development

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  1. Ocean AccountsMichael BordtESCAP Regional Advisor on Environment Statisticsbordt@un.org

  2. Overview and statistics? • Some ocean science • SEEA: A reminder • The ocean • Why is it different? • How can SEEA help? • Implementing ocean accounts • Country examples and remaining challenges • Discussion Ecosystems & the Ocean

  3. From the video… Ecosystems & Oceans

  4. Knowns: The ocean is essential. Known unknowns: How essential? Unknown unknowns: What if? Ocean Science 101 Land & Freshwater Biophysical Ecosystems +Oxygen -CO2 Socio-economic Consumption Accumulation Atmosphere Climate Weather +Natural inputs +Services -Residuals -Modification +Water The ocean Biophysical Ecosystems -Heat -Acidification -CO2 +Oxygen Impacts: Climate change Sea-level rise Natural disasters Ecological collapse Ecosystems & the Ocean

  5. https://oceanaccounts.unescap.org Ecosystems & the Ocean

  6. SNA + SEEA + ? = Ocean Accounts SNA = System of National Accounts SEEA = System of Environmental-Economic Accounting ESCAP Ocean Accounts Partnership

  7. System of environmental-economic accounting (SEEA) Environment Economy Production Consumption Accumulation Imports Exports P = Price (monetary value) Q = Quantity (physical) Ecosystems & the Ocean

  8. SEEA-Ecosystems (spatially detailed) Thematic:Land, Water, Carbon, Biodiversity Tools: Classifications, Spatial units, scaling & aggregation, Biophysical modelling Extent Condition Physical Services Supply Services Use Tools: Valuation techniques Services Supply Services Use Monetary Asset Augmented I-O Table Supporting:SNA, I-O tables, economic production functions Integrated Sector Accounts and Balance Sheets Ecosystems & the Ocean

  9. Many SEEA accounts  many related SDGs + poverty [1] + equality [5, 10] + economy [8] + disaster [11] + SCP [12] By 2020, integrate ecosystems and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes and poverty reduction strategies, and accounts… How are we doing so far? SEEA: Central Framework + Ecosystems Ecosystems & the Ocean

  10. Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS)What & how to measure  Sea surface temperature  Sea surface salinity http://www.goosocean.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120&Itemid=277 Ecosystems & Oceans

  11. SDG 14 interactions with other Goals Progress on other Goals may have negative impacton SDG14 • SDG 1: + Poverty reduction;- conservation limits access • SDG 2: + Food security; - conservation limits access • SDG 7: + renewable energy– Energy for All  increase GHGs  acidification • SDG 8: + Growth of marine and maritime economy;- impacts on ocean ecosystems • SDG 11: + urban development;- impacts on ocean ecosystems • SDG 12: + efficient use of natural resources • SDG 13: + Blue carbon sink;- adaptation to climate change may conflict with conservation Source: Griggs et al. 2017 Ecosystems & Oceans

  12. SEEA Ecosystems: Early work Source: Remme et al., 2014 (Limburg, the Netherlands) Source: Statistics Canada, 2013 Ecosystems & the Ocean

  13. The Ocean A Different kind of “ecosystem” • It’s very large • Water & species keep moving • Multi-layer • All looks the same from a satellite • Trans-boundary / shared / most outside of national jurisdictions • Less studied / known / measured • Interacts with climate, disaster, food… • Not tested with SEEA • ESCAP YouTube Video; UN Environment: Ocean Pollution Ecosystems & the Ocean

  14. Ocean accounts – Map view National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) SEEA Ecosystem extent - Land Accounts: Terrestrial and Freshwater ecosystem types - Catchment areas - Coastal communities - Coastal infrastructure - Pollution sources Ocean spatial units - Ocean ecosystem types - Marine protected areas - Fishery, tourism, mining areas - Water quality / temperature National statistics - Emissions, effluents, wastes - Assets: fish stock - Supply/use: catch, beneficiaries Governance - Mandates Analyses - Main sources of land-based pollution (by whom) - Degraded and pristine “Hot spots” - Cost/benefit of rehabilitation and protection - Value of natural inputs (to whom) - Policy options  values at risk - Capture of “rent” (returns on investment) ESCAP Ocean Accounts Partnership

  15. Ocean accounts – Table view Ecosystems & the Ocean

  16. Regional expert workshop (Aug. 2018) Remaining research issues… • Spatial units & ecosystem classification: Delineate units • Ecosystem services: Expand existing classifications • Disaster risk & climate change: Establish shared standards • Social: Identify communities, artisanal fishers, target groups • Economic: Standard definitions & valuation of non-SNA • Global data: What is available and how to use it • Measuring SDG14: Metadata & new indicators • Ocean governance: International, regional and national • Modelling: Experience and opportunities • Priorities for pilot studies and research Ecosystems & the Ocean

  17. 1. Spatial units & ecosystem classification • Many global spatial frameworks (mostly partial) • EMU: Ecosystem Marine Units • LME: Large Marine Ecosystems • MEOW: Marine Ecoregions of the World (WWF) – coastal/shelf • Global data not coherent • New Global Shoreline (30m) • National data coherent? • National spatial data infrastructure (NSDI) includes marine? • CMECS (Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard) from US • Not tested globally (Australia has adapted for benthic) • Conditions: Which measures? Ecosystems & the Ocean

  18. EMU: Ecosystem Marine Units (USGS/ESRI) Based on 27km, historical temperature, salinity, nutrients • From NOAA World Ocean Atlas • At many depths (three-dimensional complex shapes) • Map shows description of “column” • Not detailed for coastal • ESCAP testing correlations with • Aragonite • Coral 16,520 Polygons 1,749 Combinations Adapted from: Sayer et al. 2017. Ecosystems & the Ocean

  19. Global shoreline vector (GSV) at 30m Why important? • Standardized globally • All mainlands, large islands, small islands • Annual 2014 composite • Needed for Ecosystem Coastal Units • Corrects historical maps Red = GSV  Yellow = Global Selfconsistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shoreline (GSHHS) (1996)  Underlying = ESRI World Image Basemap (not vector) Sayer et al. 2018 Ecosystems & the Ocean

  20. Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) LMEs are vast regions of coastal ocean space of 200,000 km2 or more, extending from river basins and estuaries seaward to the continental shelf break or slope or to the outward margins of major current systems. Unique defining ecological criteria of LMEs include bottom depth contours, currents and water mass structure, marine productivity, and food webs. (http://onesharedocean.org) Ecosystems & Oceans

  21. MEOW: Marine Ecoregions of the World • Coastal and shelf: 12 realms; 62 provinces; 232 ecoregions Spalding et al. 2007 Ecosystems & the Ocean

  22. EU (MAES) Ecosystem types: Source: http://biodiversity.europa.eu/maes/mapping-ecosystems/map-of-european-ecosystem-types SEEA-EEA: Extent account

  23. South Africa: marine ecosystem types SANBI. 2013. National ecosystem classification system. Concept note. Ecosystems & Oceans

  24. CMECS (https://iocm.noaa.gov/cmecs/) Comprehensive, but not applied globally ≈ EMU  Slope, depth  Rock and soil type  Plants and animals  All components  Adapted for Victoria, Australia (Edmunds et al. 2015) and www.seamapaustralia.org Ecosystems & the Ocean

  25. “Use” can be complex… Ecosystems & the Ocean

  26. WRI: marine protected areas Ecosystems & Oceans

  27. Global network of ship movements From United Nations. 2016 Ecosystems & Oceans

  28. 1b. Conditions – which measures? Essential ocean variables • Core ocean statistics? Plastics…? Source: http://www.goosocean.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=114 Ecosystems & the Ocean

  29. UNEP-WCMC: Marine species richness Original source: Tittensor, D. P., et al. 2010. Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa. Nature, vol. 466, No. 7310, pp. 1098-1101. Ecosystems & Oceans

  30. Hypoxia (dead zones) “The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the ocean significantly influences the distribution and abundance of marine species, and ocean deoxygenation is one of the four major human-induced stressors on ocean ecosystems.” Zones with less than80 μmol/kg are “dead zones” Screenshot from http://onesharedocean.org/open_ocean/climate/oxygen Ecosystems & Oceans

  31. Change in primary productivity 1996-2014 Primary productivity is the rate of organic matter production by plants. The bulk of marine Primary Productivity is carried out by phytoplankton, which can be seen from space due to their photosynthetic pigments (mainly chlorophyll).(% change in g.C.m-2.d-1) What does this unit mean? Ecosystems & Oceans

  32. Projection of ocean surface temperatures Screenshot from: http://onesharedocean.org/open_ocean/climate/physical_effects Ecosystems & Oceans

  33. Mismanaged waste goes to the ocean even from landlocked countries  Source: GESAMP 2016 Ecosystems & Oceans

  34. 2. Ecosystem services – all included? CICES = checklist • 90 individual services • Most relevant to marine ecosystems • Issues in definition and valuation Carbon sequestration Salt Source: cices.eu Ecosystems & the Ocean

  35. Coastal ecosystems store more carbon Note the log scale • Salt marshes, mangroves and seagrass beds “bury” 30x the carbon of forests per unit area Ecosystems & Oceans

  36. www.SeaAroundUs.org: Global fish yield More fish per km2 What is e-14? Ecosystems & Oceans

  37. www.SeaAroundUs.org: Fiji fish catch ←Fiji Ecosystems & Oceans

  38. Biomass extraction including oceans Canada example Net biomass extraction for human use Includes: • Agricultural crops • Livestock and poultry • Milk • Maple products and honey • Forestry • Fisheries (inland and marine) Source: Statistics Canada, 2013 SEEA-EA: Services supply account

  39. Fish catch by management area Canada example Weight of commercial fish landings by marine statistical area Includes: • Groundfish • Pelagic fish • Shellfish Also done for west coast Statistical area defined by Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans Source: Statistics Canada, 2013 SEEA-EA: Services supply account

  40. 3. Disaster risk and climate change Tsunami and cyclone risk hot spots Ecosystems & the Ocean

  41. Shared data & concepts (CC, DR & OA) Trigger Probabilistic Forecast Risk Scenarios Impact Outlook Spatial standards; Ocean conditions (temperature, wind, rain, salinity, chlorophyll…) Population, infrastructure (including ecosystems) Extreme events & impacts Production of impact-based disaster forecasts Ecosystems & the Ocean

  42. 4. Social dimension – beneficiaries & risk • Who & Where are? • Small-scale fishers • Ocean-dependent communities (access, share) • Coastal population (high/low income, tenure?) • What are benefits & risks? • Income, dependence on marine resources • Who benefits? • Disaster risk, fish stocks, changing ecosystems, environmental quality Ecosystems & the Ocean

  43. Social dimension – policy questions Ecosystems & the Ocean

  44. Canada: Dependence on marine fishery • Community dependence on marine fishery by ecodistrict • Also for west coast • Statistics from 2006 Census of Population Source: Statistics Canada, 2013.

  45. Low elevation coastal zone (LECZ) population in the year 2000, 2030 & 2060 per country, scenario C. By 2030, around 1B coastal population exposed to sea-level rise and coastal flooding (most in Asia-Pacific) Neumann B, Vafeidis AT, Zimmermann J, Nicholls RJ (2015) Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment. PLOS ONE 10(3): e0118571. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571

  46. 5. What is the ocean economy? • How to define? • Scope (Blue economy, ocean industry, marine…) • How to value non-SNA benefits? • SEEA: exchange value NOT welfare value  Who depends on it  Where activity occurs  Who contributes to it Ecosystems & the Ocean

  47. A working definition (China, KMI…) Services Use SNA SEEA CF SEEA EEA Activity accounts Service Supply Ocean Accounts - Services Supply and Use

  48. A working definition China, KMI…) What goes here? Ecosystems & the Ocean

  49. 6. Global data: much available, but… • Different platforms, standards, methods… • How to harmonize? LivingAtlas.arcgis.com OceanHealthIndex.org Ecosystems & the Ocean

  50. 7. Measuring SDG14 • Many custodians • Metadata in progress • Most can be supported by Ocean Accounts framework • Need for • National indicators • “Holistic” indicators (e.g., resource values at risk) • Rapid assessment of 14.2.1 • Coherence across all SDGs Ecosystems & the Ocean

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