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______________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007. Integrating Scale and Disciplinary Perspectives: Managing for Change

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  1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 Integrating Scale and Disciplinary Perspectives: Managing for Change in Complex Adaptive Systems Keith M. Moore Associate Program Director Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM CRSP) Office of International Research Education and Development (OIRED) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

  2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 The SANREM Landscape Systems Framework

  3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 Holling’s Adaptive Renewal Cycle

  4. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 Fig. 1. Panarchy, a heuristic model of nested adaptive renewal cycles emphasizing cross scale interplay (modified from Gunderson and Holling, 2002).

  5. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 Livelihood

  6. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 • The 1965 coup • to overthrow President Sukarno • was a moment of chaos and • near societal collapse. • The policy/governance system was in disarray • Corruption and mis-management were rife • The country was unable to feed itself

  7. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

  8. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 • Rice has been the critical factor • conditioning Indonesian poverty, • and consequently, • the stability of the state and the society. • Both colonial and national regimes have subsidized rice production and consumption • At the farm household and watershed system levels, food security meant good harvests of irrigated rice paddy (sawah)

  9. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 The intensification of rice production required dramatic changes in field, farm household and watershed systems • Research transformed the production systems • Government policies • Improved rural credit programs • Created cooperatives to deliver new inputs • Extension agents promoted improved techniques

  10. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007

  11. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 Livelihood

  12. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 Population Below the Poverty Line, Indonesia 1970 – 1996 (percentage and absolute numbers in millions)

  13. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 • At the field system level • Recommended practices of improved water control, high yielding varieties, use of fertilizers and pesticides, and better cultivation methods were increasing the productivity of rice paddy. • Soil chemistry had been enhanced by the addition of inorganic fertilizers and the pest ecology suppressed. • In addition to increased productivity, perhaps the most significant impact involved the changing insect community dynamics nd and diminishing habitat diversity.

  14. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 Livelihood

  15. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 Livelihood

  16. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 • This adaptive management was not so easily implemented at lower system levels. • Although pesticide sales declined from $160 million in 1986 to $16 million in 1992, • the introduction of Integrated Pest Management through the cooperatives and the extension service failed to materialize.

  17. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007

  18. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 Pesticide Expenditures in Indonesia (in thousands of rupees inflation adjusted) From: Feder, Murgai and Quizon, 2003

  19. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 At the ecosystem level The policy response to falling rice productivity increases was to implement the Mega Rice Project in Central Kalimantan. This project involved transforming 1 million hectares of peat swamp forest into an irrigated rice bowl and transmigrating half a million poor farmers from Java and Madura. As a consequence, 730,000 hectares (more than 20 percent) of the peat swamp forest of south Central Kalimantan was burned in 1997.

  20. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 Livelihood

  21. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 The rice self sufficiency policy stimulated the economy through subsidized inputs and institutional structures which transformed the functioning of community, watershed, livelihood, and field systems for an apparently successful result. System dynamics at the field level, however, adapted to the new inputs and created production problems that ultimately fed back to changes in economic policy. At the community and watershed levels, FFS supported the adaptive learning of farmers, but ultimately did not modify information supply functioning.

  22. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Santa Clara, California Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting August 2007 Thank you I look forward to your questions, comments and criticism.

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