DIFFERENCES BY GENDER IN METHODS FOR SUICIDE

1. DIFFERENCES BY GENDER IN METHODS FOR SUICIDE F. Stephen Bridges, Ed.D. and Karla A. Caillouet, M.S. Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science University of West Florida

2. Presentation objectives • Study background • Methods • Purpose of study, source of data, suicide mechanisms, & statistical analysis • Results • Conclusions • References

3. Examined the rates of suicide between 1949 and 1989 in West Germany. • Reported a close relationship in West Germany between overall rate of suicide and the % of suicides using low-threshold suicide methods, i.e. the use of firearms and poisoning by solids, liquids, or gas. Study background Wiedenmann and Weyerer (1993)

4. Lester (1995) examined the generality of this West German result using data from England & Wales (1950-1985), the US (1950-1985), & Japan(1970-1989). • These results were replicated by Lester (1995) except when using data from Japan. For Japan, the overall rate of suicide was strongly associated with the rate of suicide using high-threshold methods, i.e., cutting & stabbing, jumping from a high place, use of blunt object, & drowning. Study background Lester (1995)

5. Explored gender differencesfor rates of suicide. • Like in previous studies, Lester (1996) categorized methods for suicide into two categories or groups (Wiedenmann& Weyerer, 1993; Lester, 1995). • 1. Methods for suicide that require modern technology (low-threshold), i.e., use of poisons, gas, and firearms . • 2. Methods for suicide that use more traditional methods, i.e., those not requiring modern technology such as hanging, drowning, jumping, and stabbing (high-threshold). Study background Lester (1996)

6. Lester, 1996 • Two-part study consisting of: • An Ecological design: • Dr. David Lester examined national rates of suicide per 100,000 population. • He compared rates of suicide for men & women across 25 nations in 1980 (Lester, 1996). • A Time Series design: • Examined US rates of suicide for men & women for the 1962 to 1989 time period.

7. Purpose of current study • To determine if there are any differences by gender for rates of suicide using 2 methods: • Those requiring modern technology to commit suicide. • Those not requiring modern technology to commit suicide. • Ecological Design: • Explored gender variation in rates of suicide across US states* in 2000. • Time Series Design: • Explored gender variation in rates of suicide over time in the US from 1999 to 2009.

8. Data Source Data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention using the CDC WONDER Online Database (2012) http://Wonder.CDC.gov

9. Mechanisms of suicide used by men and women Technological Non-technological • Poisons • Gas • Firearms • Hanging • Drowning • Jumping • Stabbing

10. Statistics • Independent t Test

11. Results for Lester (1996) & current study Ecological Designs Time-Series Design • The means for the ‘frequency of use’ of modern technological methodsfor suicide among men were higher than those for women. • Ms= 12.07 versus 3.85; t24 = 2.28, two-tailed p < .05 (1980) • Ms= 14.54 vs 3.43; t57 = 14.90, two-tailed p < .001 (2000) • The means for the ‘frequency of use’ of non-technological methods for suicide among men were higher than those for women. • Ms= 11.11 versus 4.67; t24 = 4.81, p < .001 • Ms= 3.83 vs0.75; t49 = 16.62, p < .001 • The means for the ‘frequency of use’ of modern technological methods for suicide among men were higher than those for women. • Ms= 12.55 versus 4.52; t27 = 26.68, p < .001 (1962 to 1989) • Ms = 12.58 versus 3.16; t20 = 95.30, p < .001 • The means for the ‘frequency of use’ of non-technological methods for suicide among men were higher than those for women. • Ms= 3.71 versus 1.28; t27 = 37.73, p < .001. • Ms = 4.85 vs1.13; t12 = 22.02, p < .001

12. Conclusions • Rates of suicide were higher for men than for women, regardless of whether methods used were dependent upon modern technology or less technological methods, both in a study of the US from 1999-2009 and across 50 US states in 2000.

13. References • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death 1999-2009 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released 2012. Data for year 2009 are compiled from the Multiple Cause of Death File 2009, Series 20 No. 2O, 2012, Data for year 2008 are compiled from the Multiple Cause of Death File 2008, Series 20 No. 2N, 2011, data for year 2007 are compiled from Multiple Cause of Death File 2007, Series 20 No. 2M, 2010, data for years 2005-2006 data are compiled from Multiple Cause of Death File 2005-2006, Series 20, No. 2L, 2009, and data for years 1999-2004 are compiled from the Multiple Cause of Death File 1999-2004, Series 20, No. 2J, 2007. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html on May 22, 2012 6:12:08 PM • Lester, D. (1996) Gender differences in methods for suicide. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 1154. • Lester, D. (1995) The impact of availability, attraction and lethality of suicide methods on suicide rates in Germany. ActaPsychiatricaScandinavica, 92, 318. • Wiedenmann, A., & Weyerer, S. (1993) The impact of availability, attraction and lethality of suicide methods on suicide rates in Germany. ActaPsychiatricaScandinavica, 88, 364-368.