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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY. Anatomy & Physiology Related to Pharmacology Common Prehospital Medications Common Patient Scenarios Common Patient Medications. Part 2 Topics . Drugs Used to Affect the Nervous System. Analgesics & Antagonists Anesthetics

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

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  1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

  2. Anatomy & Physiology Related to Pharmacology Common Prehospital Medications Common Patient Scenarios Common Patient Medications Part 2 Topics

  3. Drugs Used to Affect the Nervous System

  4. Analgesics & Antagonists Anesthetics Anti-anxiety & Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs Antiseizure or Anti-epileptic Drugs Central Nervous System Stimulants Psychotherapeutic Medications Parkinson’s Medications Central Nervous System Medications

  5. Drugs Affecting the Parasympathetic System: Cholinergics Anticholinergics Ganglionic Blocking Agents Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Ganglionic Stimulating Agents Autonomic Nervous System Medications(1 of 2)

  6. Drugs Affecting the Sympathetic System: Adrenergic Receptors Adrenergic Agonists Adrenergic Antagonists Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Autonomic Nervous System Medications(2 of 2)

  7. Distribution of Sympathetic Post-Ganglionic Fibers

  8. Sympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System

  9. Physiology of an Adrenergic Synapse

  10. Drugs Used to Affect the Cardiovascular System

  11. Blood Flow Through the Heart

  12. Cardiac Conductive System

  13. Action Potential of Cardiac Contractile Tissue

  14. Action Potential of Cardiac Pacing Cells

  15. Reentrant Pathways

  16. Antidysrhythmics: Used to treat and prevent abnormal cardiac rhythms. Antihypertensives: Drugs used to treat hypertension. Classifications of Cardiovascular Drugs (1 of 2)

  17. Hemostatic Agents: Drugs used to stop bleeding. Antihyperlipidemic Agents: Drugs used to treat high cholesterol. Classifications of Cardiovascular Drugs (2 of 2)

  18. Antidysrhythmics

  19. Diuretics Adrenergic inhibiting agents Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Calcium channel blockers Direct vasodilators Antihypertensives

  20. Antiplatelets: Drugs that decrease the formation of platelet plugs. Anticoagulants: Drugs that disrupt the clotting cascade. Thrombolytics: Drugs that act directly on thrombi to break them down. Hemostatic Agents

  21. Drugs used to treat high blood cholesterol. Examples: Lovastatin (mevacor). Simvastatin (zocor). Antihyperlipidemics

  22. Drugs Used to Affect the Respiratory System

  23. Antiasthmatic Medications

  24. Nasal Decongestants Antihistamines Antitussives Expectorants Mucolytic Drugs Used for Rhinitis and Cough

  25. Drugs Used to Affect the Gastrointestinal System

  26. Peptic Ulcers Constipation Diarrhea and Emesis Digestion Main Indications for GI Drug Therapy

  27. H2 Receptor Antagonists: Cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid), nizatidine (Axid). Proton Pump Inhibitors: Omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid). Drugs Used to Treat Peptic Ulcer Disease(1 of 2)

  28. Antacids: Aluminum, magnesium, or sodium compounds. Anticholinergics: Pirenzepine (Gastrozepine). Drugs Used to Treat Peptic Ulcer Disease(2 of 2)

  29. Categories of Laxatives: Bulk–forming (methylcellulose or Citrucel). Stimulant (phenolphthalein or Ex-Lax). Osmotic (Milk of Magnesia). Surfactant (Colace). Drugs Used to Treat Constipation

  30. Although a nuisance, diarrhea is often a helpful process. Specific or non-specific agents may be used. Drugs Used to Treat Diarrhea

  31. Antiemetics: Medication used to prevent vomiting. Serotonin Antagonists: Zofran. Dopamine Antagonists: Compazine, Phenergan, Inapsine, Reglan. Cannabinoids: Marinol, Cesamet. Drugs Used to Treat Emesis

  32. Several drugs are available to aid digestion of carboyhydrates and fats. Two such drugs are pancreatin (Entozyme) and pancrelipase (Viokase). Drugs Used to Aid Digestion

  33. Drugs Used to Affect the Eyes

  34. Opthalmic drugs are used to treat conditions involving the eyes, primarily glaucoma and trauma. Medications used to treat glaucoma are all aimed at reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). Examples include timolol (Timoptic) and betaxolol (Betoptic). Tetracaine (Pontocaine) is a local anesthetic of the ester class. Drugs Used to Affect the Eyes

  35. Drugs Used to Affect the Ears

  36. Most drugs used to treat conditions involving the ear are aimed at eliminating underlying bacterial or fungal infections or at breaking up impacted ear wax. Chlorampenicol (Chloromycetin otic). Gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin). Drugs Used to Affect the Ears

  37. Drugs Used to Affect the Endocrine System

  38. Anterior Pituitary Drugs—The only conditions treated with these drugs are those associated with abnormal growth such as dwarfism. Posterior Pituitary Drugs—The two drugs in this category are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. Drugs Affecting the Pituitary Gland

  39. Parathyroid glands are primarilyresponsible for regulating calciumlevels. Hypothyroidism leads to decreasedlevels of calcium and Vitamin D. Treatment is therefore throughcalcium and Vitamin D supplements. Drugs Affecting the Parathyroid and Thyroid Glands

  40. The Adrenal Cortex synthesizes andsecretes 3 classes of hormones:glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,and androgens. Two diseases typify the disordersassociated with the Adrenal Cortex:Cushing’s disease and Addison’sdisease. Drugs Affecting the Adrenal Cortex

  41. Diabetes mellitus is the most important disease involving the pancreas. Insulin—a substance that decreasesblood glucose level. Glucagon—a substance that increasesblood glucose level. Drugs Affecting the Pancreas

  42. Orinase (chlorpropamide) Glucotrol (glipizide) Micronase (glyburide) Oral Hypoglycemics

  43. D50W is a sugar solution givenintravenously for acute hypoglycemia. Glucagon is indicated for emergency treatment when an IV is unobtainable. Hyperglycemic Agents

  44. Estrogens and Progestins Oral contraceptives Uterine stimulants and relaxants: Brethine, Yutopar. Infertility agents: Clomid, Metrodin. Drugs Affecting the Female Reproductive System

  45. Testosterone deficiency: Metandren. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH): Proscare. Drugs Affecting the Male Reproductive System

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