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Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling

Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling. Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling. Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Multiple-Processor Scheduling Real-Time Scheduling Thread Scheduling Operating Systems Examples Java Thread Scheduling Algorithm Evaluation. Basic Concepts.

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Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling

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  1. Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling

  2. Chapter 5: CPU Scheduling • Basic Concepts • Scheduling Criteria • Scheduling Algorithms • Multiple-Processor Scheduling • Real-Time Scheduling • Thread Scheduling • Operating Systems Examples • Java Thread Scheduling • Algorithm Evaluation

  3. Basic Concepts • Maximum CPU utilization obtained with multiprogramming • CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait • CPU burst distribution: a large number of short CPU bursts and a small number of large CPU bursts

  4. Alternating Sequence of CPU And I/O Bursts

  5. Histogram of CPU-burst Times

  6. CPU Scheduler • Selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them • CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process: 1. Switches from running to waiting state 2. Switches from running to ready state 3. Switches from waiting to ready 4. Terminates • Scheduling only under conditions 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive or cooperative. • Scheduling under conditions 2 and 3 is preemptive

  7. CPU Scheduler • CPU scheduling conditions: 1. Processswitches from running to waiting state 2. Process switches from running to ready state 3. Process switches from waiting to ready 4. Process terminates • Nonpreemptive or cooperative scheduling (1 and 4):Under this type of scheduling, once the CPU has been allocated to a process, the process keeps the CPU until it releases the CPU either by terminating or by switching to the weighting state (Windows 3.x). • Preemptive Scheduling (2 and 3): (Windows- 95, NT, 2000, XP, Vista; Mac OS X, UNIX)

  8. Dispatcher • Dispatcher modulegives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves: • switching context • switching to user mode • jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program • Dispatch latency– time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running

  9. Scheduling Criteria • CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible • Throughput – # of processes that complete their execution per time unit • Turnaround time – amount of time to execute a particular process • Waiting time – amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue • Response time – amount of time it takes from when a request (I/O )was submitted until the first response is produced

  10. Optimization Criteria • Max CPU utilization • Max throughput • Min turnaround time • Min waiting time • Min response time

  11. Scheduling Algorithms

  12. P1 P2 P3 0 24 27 30 First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling ProcessBurst Time P1 24 P2 3 P3 3 • Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3 The Gantt Chart for the schedule is: • Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27 • Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17

  13. P2 P3 P1 0 3 6 30 FCFS Scheduling (Cont.) Suppose that the processes arrive in the order P2 , P3 , P1 • The Gantt chart for the schedule is: • Waiting time for P1 = 6;P2 = 0; P3 = 3 • Average waiting time: (6 + 0 + 3)/3 = 3 • Much better than previous case • Convoy effect (one big CPU-bound process may force other processes to wait for completion of its CPU burst if this big process arrives first) • Hence, execution of short processes prior to a long process is desirable

  14. Shortest-Job-First (SJF) Scheduling • Associate with each process the length of its next CPU burst. Use these lengths to schedule the process with the shortest time (the smallest next CPU burst). • Two schemes: • nonpreemptive – once CPU given to the process it cannot be preempted until completes its CPU burst • preemptive – if a new process arrives with CPU burst length less than remaining time of current executing process, it can preempt the current process. This scheme is known as the Shortest-Remaining-Time-First (SRTF) • SJF is optimal if it gives minimum average waiting time for a given set of processes

  15. P1 P3 P2 P4 0 3 7 8 12 16 Example of Non-Preemptive SJF Process Arrival TimeBurst Time P1 0.0 7 P2 2.0 4 P3 4.0 1 P4 5.0 4 • SJF (non-preemptive) • Average waiting time = (0 + 6 + 3 + 7)/4 = 4

  16. P1 P2 P3 P2 P4 P1 11 16 0 2 4 5 7 Example of Preemptive SJF Shortest-Remaining-Time-First (SRTF) Process Arrival TimeBurst Time P1 0.0 7 P2 2.0 4 P3 4.0 1 P4 5.0 4 • SJF (preemptive) • Average waiting time = (9 + 1 + 0 +2)/4 = 3

  17. Determining Length of Next CPU Burst • Can only estimate the length • Can be done by using the length of previous CPU bursts, using exponential averaging contains the most recent information, contains the past history α is the relative weight of recent and past history; more commonly it is taken α=1/2, so recent history and past history are equally weighted

  18. Philosophy of Exponential Averaging •  =0 • n+1 = n • Recent history does not count •  =1 • n+1 =  tn • Only the actual last CPU burst counts • If we expand the formula, we get: n+1 =  tn+(1 - ) tn-1+ … +(1 -  )j tn-j+ … +(1 -  )n +1 0 • Since both  and (1 - ) are less than or equal to 1, each successive term has less weight than its predecessor

  19. Prediction of the Length of the Next CPU Burst

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