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Romantic Era

Romantic Era. The Romantic Opera The Romantic opera developed distinct national styles in France, Germany, and Italy France: lyric opera – a merger between grand opera (serious historical dramas) and opera comique (comic opera with spoken dialogue).

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Romantic Era

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  1. Romantic Era

  2. The Romantic Opera • The Romantic opera developed distinct national styles in France, Germany, and Italy • France: lyric opera – a merger between grand opera (serious historical dramas) and opera comique (comic opera with spoken dialogue). • Germany: Wagner’s music drama which integrated all elements of opera. • Italy: opera seria (serious opera) and opera buffa (comic opera) • Verdi’s Rigoletto • Wagner’s Die Walkure

  3. Exoticism in Opera • Many romantic composers turned to exotic plots for their operas with faraway lands or cultures. • Bizet’s Carmen: romanticizing Gypsy culture in Spain • Puccini: Madame Butterfly: Nagasaki, Japan

  4. 20th Century

  5. Impressionist Era • exotic scales • chromatic • whole tone • unresolved dissonances • parallel chords • rich orchestral color • free rhythm • Debussy: Prelude to “The Afternoon of a Faun” • opening is chromatic • loose ternary (A-B-A’) form

  6. Early 20th Century • complex rhythms • polyrhythm • polymeter • irregular meters • new harmonic concepts • polychords • polytonality • atonality • 12-tone method (or serialism) devised by Schoenberg • based on an arrangement o the 12 chromatic tones – tone row • forms: transposed, inversion, retrogade, retrogade inversion • dissonance

  7. Early 20th Century • Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring – interaction between rhythm and meter • Schoenberg: Pierrotlunaire – female reciter and 5 players using 8 instruments • Sprechstimme (spoken voice) • Webern: Symphony, Opus 21, Second Mvmt • 12 tone based on retrograde inversions of tone row from 1stmvmt • theme and variations

  8. 20th Century Nationalism • 20th cent. Composers used more authentic folk elements in the nationalistic music then 19th cent. Composers. • National “schools” of composition developed across Europe. • Bela Bartok – Hungarian composer. Collected traditional songs and dances and incorporated them into his compositions. • new scales • new rhythmic ideas • polytonal harmony • Classical forms

  9. 20th Century Nationalism • Bartok: Interrupted Intermezzo, 4thmvmt • shifting meters (2/4, 5/8, ¾, 5/8) • polytonal and atonal harmonies • 3 contrasting themes • 1st is folklike and pentatonic • 2nd is lyrical • 3rd portrays a Nazi invasion • Charles Ives: The Things Our Fathers Loved • slow diatonic vocal line (Dixie, My Old Kentucky Home, Sweet By-and-By) • piano is independent from vocal line • Copland: Billy the Kid • classic cowboy songs • shifting meters • dissonance and polytonal harmonies

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