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Chapter 11: Mediterranean Society; the Roman phase

Chapter 11: Mediterranean Society; the Roman phase. ALL ROADS LEAD TO ROME . . . . Foundation of the Roman Empire:. City of Rome-founded in the 8 th century B.C.E. Romulus & Remus : found by a she-wolf -Romulus founded Roma and est. himself as the first king

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Chapter 11: Mediterranean Society; the Roman phase

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  1. Chapter 11: Mediterranean Society; the Roman phase ALL ROADS LEAD TO ROME . . .

  2. Foundation of the Roman Empire: • City of Rome-founded in the 8th century B.C.E. • Romulus & Remus: found by a she-wolf -Romulus founded Roma and est. himself as the first king • Indo-European migrants settled in Italian peninsula • Bronze metallurgy: 1800 B.C.E / Iron metallurgy: 900 B.C.E. • Etruscans: dominated Italy from 8th5th centuries B.C.E. -Kings provided city with streets, defensive walls, temples, & public buildings • Rome=situated on Tiber River no risk of invasion from sea • Alps provided protection from invasion as well

  3. The Roman Republic: • 509 B.C.E-monarchy replaced by aristocratic republic • Roman Forum-political & civic center for gov’t business • Consuls-elected by an assembly of patricians; formed civil &military power • Patricians=wealthy class; Plebians=common people • Senate-ratified all major decisions; composed of aristocrats • Strained relations between the two classes; Patricians let plebians elect tribunes • Romans treated their subjects fairly • Punic Wars- Romans against Carthage; series of 3 wars; Romans wonsalted land for agriculture and forced many into slavery • Hellenistic Empires- Antigonids ruled Macedonia; Ptolemies ruled Egypt; Seleucids ruled Syria & Anatolia

  4. Republic to Empire • Gracchi Brothers- wanted to limit amount of conquered land • Gaius Marius- a general who worked to reform land distribution • Sulla- a general who allied with the aristocrats; in his reign he murdered many • Civil war • Latifundia- large plantations • Julius Caesar: centralized control -social reformer; took large part in sponsoring public entertainment -conquered Gaul & seized Rome; named himself dictator for life • Octavion: ended civil conflicts; defeated Mark Antony -given title of “Augustus” -ruled a monarchy disguised as a republic -reorganized military and placed people who were loyal to him in important positions • PaxRomana- period of Roman peace • Twelve Tables- codified Roman law

  5. Economy & Society: • “All roads lead to Rome”- extensive and advanced roads with postal stations; linked all parts of Roman empire together • Economic foundation=agriculture; owners of latifundia focused on production for export • Traded actively in Mediterranean-called mare nostrom (our sea) • Acqueducts- brought water into the city • Public baths, temples, stadiums • Constructionemployment for hundreds population increasedeconomy grew attracted migrants • Circus Maximus & the Roman Colosseum provided entertainment-battles between gladiators and animals, etc.

  6. Gladiator Colosseum Battle • http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x85c5n_gladiator-escene-battle_music

  7. Family & Society: • Pater Familias (“father of the family”)-eldest male in family was dominant -women had much influence over family matters & could own property -fathers could sell children into slavery • Merchants, landowners, etc. gained much wealthrivaled nobility • Rich classes built large palatial houses & held banquets

  8. Family & Society Continued… • 1st Century B.C.E.-poverty became problem and people would riot -imperial authorities never est. urban policy, but kept people happy w/ “bread and circuses” • 2nd century C.E.-slaves took up 1/3 of population; worked on latifundia -harsh conditions lead to revolts -Spartacus-assembled army of slaves -urban slaves had better conditions and possibility of manumission (freed after many years of loyalty)

  9. Cosmopolitan Mediterranean: • Romans were polytheistic • The Pantheon-temple that honored all gods • Greek Influence: -StoicismStoics -moral standards based on both nature & reason ethical codes -Cicero wrote on Stoicism; pursuit of justice= highest duty • Religions of salvation promised afterlife; comforted many -roads enabled quick spread of religion -Mithraism= cult of Mithras; popular among armed forces (men) and was associated with strength, courage, & discipline -Cult of Isis=most popular before Christianity; for both men and women

  10. Judaism & Christianity • Jews recognized only Yahweh as divine and thought of cults as blasphemy; mounted rebellions, however Romans won in the Jewish War (66-70 C.E.) -Essenes=sect of Judaism; Dead Sea Scrolls • Jesus of Nazareth: -Jewish teacher; teachings of devotion to God attracted many people -teaching of “the kingdom of God is at hand” threatened RomansexecutionChrist- “the anointed one” • Paul of Tarsus: major role in spread of Christianity • Christianity spread rapidly; appeal to lower classes , women, and the urban population -most influential faith by 3rd century PAUL OF TARSUS

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