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Racial Issues in 1920s America: The Great Migration, Harlem Renaissance, and the Ku Klux Klan

The 1920s witnessed significant racial issues in America, highlighted by the Great Migration, where 800,000 African Americans moved north for better opportunities. This led to vibrant black communities in cities like Chicago and New York, and the cultural blossoming of the Harlem Renaissance, emphasizing racial pride and artistic expression. However, racial tensions remained, alongside the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, which targeted minorities. Despite the challenges, this era laid the groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement, promoting self-determination and integration.

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Racial Issues in 1920s America: The Great Migration, Harlem Renaissance, and the Ku Klux Klan

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  1. Racial Issues in the 1920’s 13.3

  2. 800,000 African Americans migrated north to join the many who did during WWI • More factory jobs in Northern cities • Large black communities develop in: -Chicago – New York City – • Detroit – Other Northern cities

  3. The Great Migration • Wanted better economic opportunities and less discrimination • Situation better but not perfect • Blacks first to lose jobs during early 1920s recession • Violence – race riots – racial tension still existed even in North

  4. Harlem Renaissance • A cultural movement that embraced expression and equality for African-Americans • Centered in Harlem, NY-fashion, entertainment, nightlife • Mecca of “The New Negro” • Also influential to Blacks in Paris, Africa, and the Caribbean

  5. Harlem Renaissance • “The New Negro Movement” • Betterment of self, escape segregation and economic depravation • Emphasized racial pride, equality • Challenged racism, stereotypes • Promoted progressivism, socialism, and integration • A freedom of expression

  6. Themes and characteristics • Sociological development, intellectualism • Folk traditions • Modern Black life • Show humanity • Modernism vs. Jazz

  7. Music • Jazz and Blues: emotional, social, innovation • Duke Ellington-The Cotton Club • Louis Armstrong, Billie Holliday

  8. Art • Visual, photography, painting, drawing, acting • Reality brought to life • Past experiences • Ambitions, dreams, goals

  9. Literary • Poets, playwrights, novelists, essayists. • Inspire, influence, Express, progress • New styles • Imitations of classic style • Publication

  10. Intellectual • W.E.B. Dubois • Sociologist, writer • NAACP founder; The Crisis • Marcus Garvey • Pan-Africanism-Unite all Africans • Black Nationalism-independent nation for all Blacks in Africa • UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) “Back to Africa”

  11. Why The Arts and Literature? • Saw them as an agent of change • Means of expression and self-determination • Way to inspire and connect • Open doors for new opportunities

  12. Impact • New identity for Blacks-from rural/ undereducated to urban/sophisticated • Players on the world stage • Self-determination • Set the stage for Civil Rights Movement • Inspiration for people worldwide • Movement towards integration

  13. The Return of theKu Klux Klan

  14. Reestablishment of the Klan • 1st Klan – 1865 - 1870 • Reestablished in 1915 • William Joseph Simmons – • Preacher • Brought the Klan back at Stone Mountain, GA

  15. Why did the Klan come back? • Racism, industrialization, migration, immigration • Targeted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and radicals like Communists • Staged mass rallies, kidnappings, beatings, and lynching's

  16. Lynching • A form of violence, usually execution, outside the law to terrorize and intimidate a group of people

  17. The Fall of the Klan • Rapid Rise – Early 1920s • Assisted by film Birth of a Nation • 6 million members in 1924 • Rapid Decline – Late 1920s • 30,000 members in 1930 • Today – 6,000 members

  18. Fall of the Klan • Decline Due To: • -Negative publicity • -D.C. Stevenson Rape Case • -Publicity of Klan violence • -Some law enforcement crackdowns • -Internal Klan corruption

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