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Cooper Rodriguez, Brittany Neilson, & Martina Klein Texas Tech University 7/28/2016

The Effect of Restorative Environments on Sustained Attention: A Replication and Extension of Berto (2005). Cooper Rodriguez, Brittany Neilson, & Martina Klein Texas Tech University 7/28/2016. Applied Sustained Attention Tasks.

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Cooper Rodriguez, Brittany Neilson, & Martina Klein Texas Tech University 7/28/2016

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  1. The Effect of Restorative Environments on Sustained Attention:A Replication and Extension of Berto (2005) Cooper Rodriguez, Brittany Neilson, & Martina Klein Texas Tech University 7/28/2016

  2. Applied Sustained Attention Tasks http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2012/03/tsa-to-brief-industry-on-applying-new-x-ray-research-to-baggage-screening-at-airport-security-checkpoints.html http://jdasolutions.aero/blog/air-traffic-control-specialist-trainee/

  3. Restorative Environments http://popupcity.net/city-office-dominated-by-nature/

  4. The Restorative Effect

  5. The Restorative Effect • Evolved preference for certain environments • Nature grabs bottom-up attention • Allows top-down attention to replenish • Reduces need for attentional control • Restores attentional fatigue, stress, and mood (Kaplan, 1995; Kaplan & Berman, 2010)

  6. Berto (2005) • Aimed to determine if restorative images could improve attention performance on the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). • 3 experiments • Effect of restorative environments on attention • Effect of geometric shapes on attention • Effect of the length of exposure to the intervention

  7. Berto (2005) • Experiment 1 • Verify if restorative environments could improve performance on an attention task • Finding: Nature improved reaction time, but no accuracy improvements were observed compared to urban.

  8. Berto (2005) • Experiment 2 • Determine whether and how geometric shapes will effect performance • Finding: Geometric shapes did not have any performance effects

  9. Purpose of Present Study • 1) Replicate & extend Berto (2005) • Predictions (according to “restorative effect” of nature & Berto’s results): • Nature images will have improved reaction time compared to urban and control images

  10. Purpose of Present Study • 2) Can we find the same restorative effects if we remove color from the image? • Predictions (according to the “restorative effect” of nature): • Original nature images will have the greatest restorative effect. • Urban greyscale images will have the least restorative effect.

  11. Research Question • How will participants’ attention performance on the SART (Sustained Attention to Response Test) change if we grayscale images presented to participants? Will nature still have a restorative effect on attention performance?

  12. Method • 74 participants (26 males and 48 females) between the ages of 18 and 27 ( M = 19.69, SD = 1.92) were randomly assigned to one of six conditions • Urban original or greyscale • Nature original or greyscale • Control (geometric shapes) original or greyscale

  13. Method

  14. Method

  15. Results • Two one-way ANOVA was used to analyze differences in correct responses and total reaction time between pre- & post- intervention SART.

  16. Results • Goal #1: Assess if we can find the same results as Berto (2005) • ANOVA 1: No significant findings occurred for correct response difference scores. • Nature more accurate than urban but not significant

  17. Results Total Correct Responses

  18. Results Total Correct Responses

  19. Results Total Correct Responses

  20. Results • Goal #1: Assess if we can find the same results as Berto (2005) • ANOVA 2: A significant effect occurred for total reaction time difference scores, F = (5, 68) = 2.799, p = .023. • Urban resulted in faster reaction time likely due to speed-accuracy trade off.

  21. Results Total Reaction Time (ms)

  22. Results Total Reaction Time (ms)

  23. Results • Goal #2: Assess if we can find the same restorative effects of nature if we remove color from the image. • Correct Response (ANOVA 1): greyscale less accurate than original for nature and control conditions, but not for urban.

  24. Results Total Correct Responses

  25. Results • Goal #2: Assess if we can find the same restorative effects of nature if we remove color from the image. • Reaction time (ANOVA 2): non-significant tendency for faster reaction time for greyscale compared to original across nature, urban, and control.

  26. Results Total Reaction Time (ms)

  27. Discussion • Our study extending upon Berto (2005), at this point, partially replicated the restorative effect of nature. • Nature (Original and Greyscale) images improves accuracy but results in slower performance (speed-accuracy tradeoff). • Urban Original images result in worse accuracy but faster performance. • Urban Greyscale images result in improved performance but not as good as Nature images.

  28. Future Applications https://www.pinterest.com/pin/483011128771348320/

  29. Future Applications https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/office-design-technology-vs-nature-amy-hobrow https://www.pinterest.com/pin/141159769548385482/

  30. Urban Living https://www.wired.com/2008/05/ff-heresies-01cities/

  31. Future Applications • Psychological detachment from work during leisure time = better on-the-job performance and greater satisfaction with lives (Sonnentag, 2012). • Restorative environments may aid in achieving psychological detachment.

  32. Acknowledgments & References Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Klein, Brittany Neilson, and Alex Bukowski for their contributions to this project. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1559393 References • Berto, R. (2005). Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attentional capacity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, 249-259. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.07.001 • Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature – towards an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169-182. doi:10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2 • Sonnentag, S. (2012). Psychological detachment from work during leisure time: The benefits of mentally disengaging from work. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 114-118. doi: 10.1177/0963721411434979 • Ulrich, R., Simons, R., Losito, B., Fiorito, E., Miles, M., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 201-230. https://www.wired.com/2008/05/ff-heresies-01cities/

  33. Questions?

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