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Understanding Blood and Circulation: Evolution of Gnathostomes and Key Fish Groups

This assignment explores Chapter 4 on blood and circulation, detailing the evolution of gnathostomes and their significant classes including Myxini, Chondrichthyes, and Actinopterygii. It discusses the anatomical features of these groups such as the cartilaginous skeletons of sharks and rays, the bony structures in ray-finned fishes, and the adaptation of gill ventilation systems for optimal oxygen exchange. Additionally, the text delves into evolutionary history through various geological periods, providing context from the Cambrian to the Cenozoic eras.

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Understanding Blood and Circulation: Evolution of Gnathostomes and Key Fish Groups

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  1. Reading Assignment: Chapter 4 Blood & Circulation end

  2. Evolution of Gnathostomes Dunklesoteus end

  3. mya Periods Ceph. Era Myxini Chondrichthyes Actinoptergii rays 2 Teleostei Tertiary skates 144 gar bowfin 65 Jurassic Mesozoic Holocephali coelacanth 213 lungfish placoderm Triassic Acanthodii Elasmobranchii Chondrostei ? 286 placoderms 248 Carboniferous placoderm 360 amphibians placoderm Devonian Paleozoic ostracoderms 408 Silurian 438 Ordovician 505 origin 590 Cambrian ostracoderm Quaternary sharks Cenozoic Cretaceous Permian placoderm Sarcopterygii end

  4. end

  5. Myxini--hagfishes • Skull--cartilaginous trough; jawless • Notochord • No appendicular skeleton end

  6. Cephalaspidomorphi-lampreys • Skull--cartilaginous trough; jawless • cartilaginous vertebrae, no centra • No appendicular skeleton end

  7. Placodermi-placoderms first jaws • Skull--first jawed fishes; bony tooth plates end

  8. Chondrichthyes-sharks, skates, rays, ratfishes • Skull--cartilaginous; jaws protrusible, first true teeth • cartilaginous vertebrate with centra • Pelvic and pectoral fins well developed end

  9. Actinopterygii--ray-finned fishes • Skull--cartilaginous or bony; jaws with teeth; jaws variable • cartilaginous or bony vertebral column with centra • pelvic and pectoral fins well developed puffer end

  10. cranium gut gill slits Evolution of the jaw mouth visceral cartilages 8-9 arches Primitive jawless stage end

  11. mandibular arch jaw hypothetical placoderm end

  12. hyoid arch spiracle chondirchthyian end

  13. 4. Branchiohyoid apparatus 1. neurocranium 5. Opercular bones 2. jaw 3. suspensorium Osteichthyian skull --5 elements end

  14. Respiration: end

  15. Blood Circulation: Gill filaments Gill rakers heart end

  16. bone gill lamellae gill filaments Oxygen transfer: gill arch water Fig. 3.1 end

  17. Factors affecting oxygen diffusion? • concentration gradient • distance • surface area end

  18. memb. surface number of thickness area lamellae/mm 2 mm /g m m icefish 8 35 mackerel 5 32 bullhead 50 tuna 1500-3000 Gill data: end

  19. Oral valve body Opercular cavity Gill Ventilation:Two-stage pump Buccal cavity Opercular flap end

  20. Function of Respiratory Pump 1. Floor of buccal cavity drops vol.  operculum moves outvol.  2. floor of buccal cavity rises vol.  operculum moves in vol.  end

  21. Gill Ventilation:buccal pump See Fig. 3.5 end

  22. volume Gill Ventilation:buccal pump oral valve open end

  23. Gill Ventilation:buccal pump oral valve closed volume end

  24. volume Gill Ventilation:buccal pump oral valve open side view end

  25. Gill Ventilation:buccal pump oral valve closed volume side view end

  26. volume Gill Ventilation:buccal pump open open closed end

  27. Gill Ventilation:buccal pump oral valve closed volume end

  28. Gill Ventilation:opercular pump end

  29. Gill Ventilation:opercular pump end

  30. Gill Ventilation:opercular pump end

  31. end

  32. Water Pressure: end

  33. End

  34. Print next slide for student note-taking Do not show this slide or next

  35. mya Era Periods 65 248 ? 590

  36. mya Periods Ceph. Era Myxini Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes rays 2 Teleostei Tertiary skates 144 gar bowfin 65 Jurassic Mesozoic Holocephali coelacanth 213 lungfish placoderm Triassic Acanthodii Elasmobranchii Chondrostei ? 286 placoderms 248 Carboniferous placoderm 360 amphibians placoderm Devonian Paleozoic ostracoderms 408 Silurian 438 Ordovician 505 origin 590 Cambrian ostracoderm Quaternary sharks Cenozoic Cretaceous Permian placoderm Sarcopterygii Actinopterygii

  37. Ardoch Hwy 18 I29 Hwy 1 to Johnstown Hwy 81 Manvel I29 Forest River UND Biol. Area farm house stop here tree line 0.5 mi Turn right on gravel road just past tree line, go north for 0.5 mi, turn right on two-track road just before Farm house, pass ravine on left and turn left following Ravine on the left, stop by chain link fence compound. 3 mi Inkster Grand Forks Hwy 18

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