Aim: What was the AGE OF IMPERIALISM? (1850-1914)

1. Aim: What was the AGE OF IMPERIALISM? (1850-1914)

2. Imperialism is about…A stronger country taking over a weaker country to exploit its resources. Imperialism is important because it allows Europe (THE WEST) to control the world.

3. Imperialism KEY TERMS Racism – The belief that certain races are superior to others. Social Darwinism – The idea of “Survival of the Fittest,” The strongest races deserve to rule the world Colonize – The process of taking over a nation or territory to exploit their resources. Raw Materials – Natural resources used in industrial production( Coal, Iron, Rubber) Westernization – The process of becoming more like the nations of Western Europe. Nationalism – Intense pride in one’s own nation Sphere of Influence – An area of a nation where a foreign power has extreme power and influence. Exploit– Take advantage of to another’s detriment. Balance of Power – The idea that if all nations in Europe are equally powerful, there will not be conflict.

4. What is Imperialism? IMPERIALISM: A strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life.

5. Social Darwinism

6. The “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling

7. Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,And work another's gain.Take up the White Man's burden--The savage wars of peace--Fill full the mouth of FamineAnd bid the sickness cease;And when your goal is nearestThe end for others sought,Watch sloth and heathen FollyBring all your hopes to nought.Take up the White Man's burden--No tawdry rule of kings,But toil of serf and sweeper--The tale of common things.The ports ye shall not enter,The roads ye shall not tread,Go mark them with your living,And mark them with your dead. Take up the White Man's burden--And reap his old reward:The blame of those ye better,The hate of those ye guard--The cry of hosts ye humour(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--"Why brought he us from bondage,Our loved Egyptian night?"Take up the White Man's burden--Ye dare not stoop to less--Nor call too loud on FreedomTo cloke your weariness;By all ye cry or whisper,By all ye leave or do,The silent, sullen peoplesShall weigh your gods and you.Take up the White Man's burden--Have done with childish days--The lightly proferred laurel,The easy, ungrudged praise.Comes now, to search your manhoodThrough all the thankless yearsCold, edged with dear-bought wisdom,The judgment of your peers! Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899

8. The “White Man’s Burden”?

10. I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. Just fancy those parts that are at present inhabited by the most despicable specimens of human beings what an alteration there would be if they were brought under Anglo-Saxon influence, look again at the extra employment a new country added to our dominions gives. I contend that every acre added to our territory means in the future birth to some more of the English race who otherwise would not be brought into existence. Added to this the absorption of the greater portion of the world under our rule simply means the end of all wars, at this moment had we not lost America I believe we could have stopped the Russian-Turkish war by merely refusing money and supplies. Having these ideas what scheme could we think of to forward this object. I look into history and I read the story of the Jesuits I see what they were able to do in a bad cause and I might say under bad leaders. What is the author saying?

11. How did Industrialization lead to Imperialism? • Industrialization Imperialism • Industrialization creates a HUGE demand for: 1) Cheap raw materials 2) Foreign markets to sell finished products

12. The Age of Imperialism • European Advantages • Strong Economy and Government • Weak Opponents • Ottomans • Qing (China) • Mughals (India) • Superior Military • Advanced Technology European Motives • Industrial Revolution • Need for Markets and Resources $$$ (Colonies) • Nationalism • National Political and Military Goals • Religion • Spread Christianity • Western Superiority • Display Power and “Westernize” • Social Darwinism

13. EuropeanNationalism Source for Raw Materials MissionaryActivity Industrial Revolution European Motives For Colonization Markets forFinishedGoods Military& NavalBases SocialDarwinism EuropeanRacism Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul. HumanitarianReasons Soc. & Eco.Opportunities “WhiteMan’sBurden”

14. Economic Causes • Need for natural resources • Desire to expand markets • Desire to invest profits • Outlet needed for growing populations • Economies strengthened by Industrial Revolution Political and Military Causes • Bases needed for merchant and naval vessels • National security • Nationalism • Prestige of global empire • Strong, centrally-governed nation-states CAUSES OF NEW IMPERIALISM Social Causes • Desire to spread Christianity • Desire to share Western civilization • Belief in Social Darwinism • Increased European selfconfidence Technological Causes • Medical knowledge • Advances in weaponry • Advances in overseas travel

15. IMPERIAL RULE

16. THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

17. Why was Africa a target for imperialists? #1 Africa is Geographically Diverse: AFRICA IS FRAGMENTED INTO DIFFERENT REGIONS (NOT UNITED) • N. Africa (Ottoman Empire), W. Africa-Islamic Empires (Mansa Musa from Mali), E. Africa, Southern Africa (Zulu Kingdom) #2 Africa is Rich in Resources: Gold, Ivory, Rubber, Diamonds #3 Europeans learned more about the “Dark Continent” through Exploration: Explorers (Dr. David Livingstone) trekked through the continent to map out the continent.

18. African Trade [15c-17c]

19. Areas of European and Arabian domination in Africa, 1835.

20. European Explorers in Africa 19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

21. Before 1880 only 10% of Africa was controlled by European Powers By 1900 only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free of European control. (Even the Afrikaner Republics in South Africa were conquered by the English in the infamous Boer War.) How did it happen? Two excuses: 1) The attraction of colonialism was the Glory of Conquest 2) The so-called White Man's Burden to rescue the rest of the world from themselves. 1865 Leopold II becomes King of Belgium and begins the New Imperialist rant; that is he starts giving speeches in which he pushes the glories of exploration and conquest. In the 1870s Leopold sets his sights on the heart of Africa and in 1876 sends H. M. Stanley up the Congo to establish trading posts and the beginnings of the Belgian Free Congo State. This opens up the question of control of the bulk of sub-Saharan Africa (West, Central and East Africa).

22. King Leopold – Belgian in the Congo • Congo • Belgians exploited (took advantage) resources (i.e. Rubber) and laborers • King Leopold • Horrors in the Congo  The rest of Europe wants order and free trade

23. Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

24. Harvesting Rubber

25. Punishing “Lazy” Workers

26. 5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

27. What was the Scramble for Africa?Europeans Race to Claim Territory in Africa The Berlin Conference (1884 – 1885) • Europeans must play fair when colonizing • Set up Government to provide order • Must allow Free Trade MAJOR PROBLEMS OF THE CONFERENCE • No African nations are represented • Europeans ignore tribal boundaries and draw their own borders! • This causes conflict between African tribes

28. Leopold’s Conscience??

29. Leopold Defends Himself in Paris, 1903

30. King Leopold II:(r. 1865 – 1909)

31. Aim: How Did European Imperialism Impact Africa? (Day 2)

32. Berlin Conference of1884-1885

33. Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 Another point of view? 

34. The Congo Free State orThe Belgian Congo

35. The Berlin Conference (1884 – 1885) • Europeans Must PLAY FAIR when colonizing • Set up Government • Free Trade • No African nations are represented • Europeans ignore tribal boundaries and draw their own borders! • This causes conflict between African tribes

36. Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

37. 1885 Scramble For Africa

39. Africa 1890

40. Africa in 1914

42. Imperial boundaries of Africa, as of 1914

43. China in the 1700s: The “Century of Humiliation”

44. Why were Europeans so interested in China’s Economy? #1 China regulated economy to keep a favorable balance of trade: Balance of Trade – To Export (SELL) more than you Import (Buy) is favorable. • Exports: Silk, Porcelain and Tea • Imports: Silver and Gold #2 The Chinese are Geographically Isolated and Ethnocentric: Ethnocentric– Belief that your culture is superior to all others, Chinese don’t need to learn from anyone else

45. What were the Opium Wars? Phase #1: British want to trade with China (they love tea) but Chinese regulate trade Phase #2: British Trade Opium (from India) for Tea (from China), but then the Chinese OUTLAW OPIUM Phase #3: British go to war for Free Trade in China British Advantages: Superior Technology, $$$, Navy Chinese Disadvantages: Never modernized (Ethnocentric), Weak Gov’t

48. Opium War Treaties 1842 (Treaty of Nanjing-Unequal Treaties) • REPARATIONS-Britain Receives huge payment for their losses in the war • British get Hong Kong • China is forced to have an OPEN DOOR POLICY • Extraterritoriality – Right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts – China is divided into SPHERES OF INFLUENCE