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Ancient Astronomy and Greek Philosophers

Explore the history of astronomy, from Greek definitions of planets to contributions of Ptolemy, Aristarchus, and more. Learn about the geocentric model, astrology origins, and early scientific theories. Discover how ancient civilizations shaped our understanding of the universe.

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Ancient Astronomy and Greek Philosophers

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  1. Fix Astronomy Chapter 3

  2. Question 1 What is the Greek definition for the word "planet"? A. bright B. not twinkling C. wanderer D. twinkling E. backwards

  3. Question 2 Which one of the following represents the ideas of Plato? A. The Earth is flat. B. The Sun is at the center of the universe. C. Planets need not be spheres and do not need to move in circular orbits. D. Planets are spheres moving in circular orbits. E. Enjoyed listening to the music of the spheres.

  4. Question 3 Ptolemy was important in the history of astronomy because he A. was the first to place the Sun at the center of the solar system. B. developed the first scientific model of the Earth. C. was the first believer in the geocentric model of the solar system. D. devoloped a model of the solar system that made sufficiently accurate predictions on the planetary positions to remain in use for many centuries. E. believed that all orbits are ellipses.

  5. Question 4 How did the Ptolemaic model explain the apparent retrograde motion of the planets? A. It held that sometimes planets move backwards along their circular orbits. B. It placed the Sun at the center of the solar system. C. It varied the motion of the celestial sphere so that it is sometimes moved backwards. D. It held that planets moved in epicycles on larger circles (deferents) orbiting the Earth. E. It held that planets moved in epicycles on larger circles (deferents) orbiting the Sun.

  6. Question 5 The path that led to the science of astronomy emerged from ancient civilizations in what part of the world? A. Central and South America B. North Asia C. China D. North America E. Mediterranean and Middle East

  7. Question 6 Apollonious first mentioned a model similar to Ptolemy in which he changed the sizes of the _________ and _________ to allow the geocentric theory to better fit the observations. A. epicycles; deferents B. epicycles; tides C. tides; gravity D. gravity; deferents E. atoms; molecules

  8. Question 7 The Egyptians contributed to the development of astronomy because of their interest in predicting seasons for agriculture. A. True B. False

  9. Question 8 Ophiuchus is positioned near the ecliptic and is considered one of the current zodiac constellations. A. True B. False

  10. Question 9 The Romans were the first culture to divide the calendar into 12 equal months of 30 days each, adding an extra month every few years. A. True B. False

  11. Question 10 The fact that ancient people believed there was some significance in the planets passing through the same strip of the sky (now called the ecliptic) became the basis of astrology. A. True B. False

  12. Question 11 According to Aristotle, the world is composed of earth, air, oxygen, and water. A. True B. False

  13. Question 12 The idea that the Sun, not the Earth, was at the center of the universe (heliocentric theory) originated with Aristarchus. A. True B. False

  14. Question 13 Eratosthenes calculated the size of the Earth using the fact that in the city of Syene the Sun shines into a well at noon on the day of the vernal equinox, while in Alexandria the Sun is at an angle of 7 degrees from the zenith at noon on the vernal equinox. A. True B. False

  15. Question 14 Precession is A. the accuracy of numbers in astronomy. B. the apparent backward motion of planets on the celestial sphere. C. the slow wobble of the Earth's rotation axis on the celestial sphere. D. the daily eastward motion of the Sun around the celestial sphere. E. changing every month of the year.

  16. Question 15 What famous early natural philosopher stated that all natural phenomena can be described by numbers? A. Plato B. Philolaus C. Pythagoras D. Socrates E. Thales

  17. Question 16 According to Pythagoras, what is the sum of the three angles in a right triangle? A. 90° B. 180° C. 120° D. 160° E. 360°

  18. Question 17 The Babylonians developed a system of angular measure where the entire sky was divided into 360°. A. True B. False

  19. Question 18 Something that is 1000 km away has an angular size of 2 seconds of arc. Approximately how big is it? A. 1 m B. 10 m C. 100 m D. 1 km

  20. Question 19 An object with an angular size of 1 degree moves 10 times farther away. What is its new angular size? A. 10 degrees B. 10 minutes of arc C. 6 minutes of arc D. 33 seconds of arc

  21. Question 20 An astronaut lands on an unknown planet. After walking a distance of 400 km toward the north pole of the planet, she notices that the pole star for that planet is 5 degrees higher in the sky. What is the circumference of the planet? A. 28,000 km B. 400 km C. 4600 km D. 7200 km

  22. 1. C 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. E 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. A

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