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English in the World. Fernando Trujillo. Language Diffusion.
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English in the World Fernando Trujillo
Language Diffusion • During the period of Modern English (from XVII), English has extended to be used by 670 million people with a native or native-like command of English, increasing to approximately 1,200–1,500 million if the criterion of reasonable competence is adopted (Crystal, 1997, English as a global language).
The British Isles • English in Britain has co-existed o exists together with (or sometimes against): • Irish, Scottish Gaelic,Manx , British , Welsh, Cornish , Cumbric , Pictish , Latin , Scots, Norse and Norn , Flemish in Wales , Anglo-Norman , Romani and some other Community Languages.
The British Isles: main differences among varieties • use of vowel // (blood vs. good). • use of // y // (pat vs. path). • use of // e // (city ending in one of them). • use of //. • use of // y // (to contrast pull vs. pool and cot vs. caught). • use of the glottal stop //. • dissappearance of // before // y //, among others.
Welsh English • Words such as dance, sample, grant, branch are pronounced with / / instead of //. • //-// is neutralized: rubber as //. • Non-rhotic with linking and intrusive /r/. • Strong aspirarion of voiceless plosives. • // is clear in all contexts.
Scottish English • Rhotic variety • //-// is neutralized in favour of //: palm = Pam. • //-// is neutralized in favour of //: pool = pull. • //-// is neutralized:cot = caught. • Scottish Vowel Length Rule:vowels are longer before //, //, // y // and in final position. • Loss of aspiration of voiceless plosives. • [] instead of // in non-initial position. • // dark in all positions.
Irish English • Rhotic variety. • clear //. • // between vowels as []. • Words such as dance, sample, grant, branch are pronounced with / / instead of //. • Contrasts //-// y //-// are lost in favour of // y //.
Australian English • // instead of // in very, and // instead of // in non-stressed syllables. • use of // and // in laugh and dance. • use of open // in final position: ever as // . • non-rhotic variety, with linking and intrusive /r/. • // between vowels turns into // . • use of the glottal stop //. • AusEng // is darker than RP.
New Zealand English • // is a central phoneme close to //. • // realized as //. • words such as dance, sample, grant, branch are pronounced with // instead of //. • neutralization of // y // (beer and bear). • neutralization of // y // before // (doll and dole). • use of dark // in all contexts. • // between vowels produced as []. • non-rhotic with linking and intrusive /r/.
South African English • words such as dance, sample, grant, branch are pronounced with // instead of //. • a tendency towards monophthong. • // instead of // in very, and // instead of // in non-stressed syllables. • loss of aspiration of voiceless plosives. • // between vowels produced as []. • non-rhotic but no linking or intrusive /r/.
US English: Southern • Varieties • Lower Southern: non-rhotic • Inland Southern: rhotic • offglide of //, //, // towards // in stressed syllables. • diphthong // turns into []. • diphthongs // y // have an open first element. • // and // are neutralized before nasals: pin y pen.
US English: General American • Varieties: • Central Eastern (=standard), • Western, • Midland and • Northern. • Central Eastern • Rhotic • // between vowels produced as []. • Use of dark // in all contexts. • // instead of // in very • Northern Variety • “Northern Cities Chain Shift”: • // to the front. • // closer to [], • // more central close to //
US English: North Eastern • Varieties: • Eastern New England and New York City. • Eastern New England • The most similar USEng variety to EngEng. • Non-rhotic, linking and intrusive /r/ • Use of // and //. • New York City • Non-rhotic with linking and intrusive /r/. • Use of vowels // and //. • // becomes //. • // y // become [] y [].
Canadian English • Similar to Western US variety. • The “Canadian Rising”: before voiceless consonants, diphthongs // y // have centralized allophones on the first element of the diphthong: night time as // and out loud as //. • The difference between cot and caught is neutralized.
African English • Non-rhotic • Tendency to reduce consonant clusters: last as //. • Tendency to devoice final voiced consontants, as proud //. • Loss of vowel sounds (from 10 to 7).
Indian English • Non-rhotic. • Simplification of vowel sounds. • Loss of aspiration of voiceless plosives. • In some varieties, neutralization of // y //, // y //, // y //, // y //, // y //.
