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Roland Schertenleib Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)

Planning and Implementation of Sustainable Environmental Sanitation Systems Third South Asian Conference on Sanitation (SACOSAN III) 20 November 2008, New Delhi. Roland Schertenleib Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). http://www.eawag.ch http://www.sandec.ch.

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Roland Schertenleib Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)

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  1. Planning and Implementation of Sustainable Environmental Sanitation Systems Third South Asian Conference on Sanitation (SACOSAN III) 20 November 2008, New Delhi Roland Schertenleib Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) http://www.eawag.ch http://www.sandec.ch

  2. Content • What are the JMP Numbers telling us and what are they not telling us ? • What is the overall goal of an Environmental Sanitation System ? The importance of looking at Environmental Sanitation in an integrated way • What do we mean with “Sustainable Sanitation” • Paradigm shift in planning for urban ESS: The Household Centred Environmental Sanitation approach (HCES) • Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies

  3. JMP: People with access to improved sanitation 2.6 Billion people have no access to improved sanitation Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. 2008

  4. People in the world without sanitation(shown per country) 1 Under-5 mortality (per 1,000 live births) 1'000 100 100'000 GDP per capita ($)

  5. JMP categorises households based on the type of sanitation technology they are using: IMPROVED SANITATION UNIMPROVED SANITATION • Use of the following facilities in home /compound: • Flush/pour flush to: • piped sewer system • septic tank • pit latrine • Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine • Pit latrine with slab • Composting toilet • Use of the following facilities anywhere: • Flush/pour flush to elsewhere • Pit latrine without slab/open pit • Bucket latrine • Hanging toilet/hanging latrine • Shared and public facilities • No facilities, bush or field According to MDG definitions (http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx) JMP uses these classifications to differentiate improved from unimproved sanitation

  6. Improved sanitation facilities Shared sanitation facilities Unimproved sanitation facilities Open defecation The Sanitation Ladder in the JMP 2008 report Sanitation (4 rungs) Improved as per MDG

  7. Comparing JMP and national definitions (after data reconciliation) National Definition • Improved sanitation • Sewer connection • Septic tank • VIP/improved pit • Shared facilities • Unimproved facilities MDG Definition • Improved sanitation • Sewer connection • Septic tank • VIP/improved pit • Unimproved sanitation • Shared facilities • Unimproved facilities • Open defecation 52% 80% Differences in definitions • Unimproved sanitation • Open defecation

  8. “Adequate” sanitation …. …needs good quality provision in the home …must protect the immediate surrounding/neighbourhood and the natural environment …must be accessible for all (safe and close enough for children to use; accessible at night with public lighting in the roads, not dangerous for woman/girls) …needs good provision of anal cleaning, hand washing and maintenance …must function properly even during periods of high rainfall.

  9. “Improved” vs. “adequate” urban sanitation URBAN POPULATION WITH ACCESS TO “IMPROVED” SANITATION IN THE YEAR 2000 (WHO/UNICEF/WSSCC) REGION PEOPLE WITH “ADEQUATE” SANITATION (UN-Habitat) Africa 84% 40 - 50 % Asia 78% 40 - 55% LA & Caribbean 87% 60 – 75 %

  10. Proportion of collected wastewater being treated before discharge [%] [WHO, UNICEF, 2000] [WHO, UNICEF, 2000]

  11. The price of failure: not dealing with sanitation Source: WSP; Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Southeast Asia; 2008

  12. Female urban slum dwellers are affected the most! The urban poor are especially vulnerable Bangladesh: Twice as many infant deaths per 1,000 live births in urban slums than in urban areas as a whole

  13. Lack in Solid Waste Management and Sormwater Drainage Less than 50% of the municipal solid wastes are collected Existing landfills are a threat to the environment and to human health

  14. Effects of “inadequate” municipal SWM Health risk for the population • Proliferation of disease carrying vectors (rats, mosquitoes, flies, birds, etc.) • Direct contact with waste (children + waste pickers) • Air pollution through burning • Blocking of drains and flooding • Visual pollution • Slips Workers health risk Water and soil pollution Greenhouse Gas – Climate Change

  15. Lack in adequate Stormwater Drainage No one knows how many people are flooded out each year due to lack of proper stormwater drainage There is close link between SWM and urban stormwater drainage

  16. Water Supply, (Environmental) Sanitation and Hygiene Hygiene Drinking Water Supply • Healthy and productive life • Ecological integrity of aquatic systems • Protection of natural resources • Contribute to food security WASH Drainage Excreta and Wastewater Management Solid Waste Management Agriculture

  17. What is environmental sanitation? Interventions to reduce people's exposure to disease by providing a clean environment in which to live, with measures to break the cycle of disease. Involves both behaviors and facilities which work together to form a hygienic environment. interventions to provide a hygienic environment excreta management wastewater management solid waste management behaviours facilities stormwater drainage washing facilities control of disease vectors

  18. Sustainability criteria of a sanitation system • Protect and promote health – it should keep disease-carrying waste and insects away from people, both at the site of the toilet, in nearby homes and in the neighbouring environment. • Protect the environmentand natural resources– avoid air, soil, water pollution, return nutrients/resources to the soil, and conserve water and energy.

  19. Be simple, robust and easy to operate and maintain - operation of the system must be feasible using locally available resources (human and material). Where technical skills are limited, simple technologies should be preferred. • Be affordable– total costs (incl. capital, operation, maintenance costs) must be within the users’ ability/willingness to pay.

  20. Sustainability criteria of a sanitation system (cont.) • Be culturally acceptable – it should fit local customs, beliefs, and desires. • Work for everyone– it should address equally the needs of children, women and men.

  21. The conventional sanitation approach in urban areas

  22. The conventional sanitation approach

  23. The conventional sanitation approach – critical assessment of the underlying assumptions • Abundance of water (flushing the excreta with potable water!) • Drainage system is required anyhow • High assimilation capacity of the aquatic ecosystems • Availability of skilled labour • Labour is more expensive than capital • Energy is cheap • Abundance of natural resources such as P and chemicals used for treating wastewater

  24. Other important characteristics of the conventional approach • Based on central (top-down) planning • Technological lock-in & missing flexibility • Increase of inequity • Fragmentation of the sector

  25. One-for-all solution in cities with highly heterogeneous physical and socio-economic conditions ??

  26. The Bellagio Principles for sustainable sanitation: • Human dignity, quality of life and environmental security at household level should be at the centre of any sanitation approach. • In line with good governance principles, decision making should involve participation of all stakeholders, especially the consumers and providers of services.

  27. Waste should be considered a resource, and its management should be holistic and form a part of integrated water resources, nutrient flow and waste management processes • Sanitation problems should be resolved at the lowest possible level(household, community, town, district, catchment, and city).

  28. Household Centred Environmental Sanitation (HCES) Approach … places the household and its neighbourhood at the core of the planning process … is a multi-sector approach: accounting for excreta management (sanitation), storm water drainage, solid waste management and water supply … is amulti-actorapproach: emphasising the participation of all stakeholders, beginning at the household/neighbourhood or community level

  29. Nation District / Province Town / City Neighbourhood Household (I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) Main characteristics of HCES HCES is based … on the concept of ‘zones’, and solving problems within the ‘zone’ nearest to where the problems arise

  30. Main characteristics of HCES HCES is based … on the concept of ‘zones’, and solving problems within the ‘zone’ nearest to where the problems arise … on the circular model, emphasising resource conservation and reuse (rather than linear model)

  31. From linear to „closed loop“

  32. From centralized to decentralized centralized … ...decentralized

  33. Decentralized

  34. Rationale of the Compendium • Informed decision-making is only possible if information is well-ordered and structured • Abundant information exists about sanitation technologies, but it is not easily accessible and understandable by relevant stakeholders • This „Compendium“ aims at pulling together all relevant information on sanitation systems and technologies, enabling informed decision-making in sanitation planning.

  35. Objectives of the Compendium • Introduce a systems approach to environmental sanitation; i.e. from point of waste generation to the point of use or ultimate disposal; • Expose the user of the Compendium to a broad range of sanitation systemsand technologies, their advantages and disadvantages; • Help the user to understand and work with the system concept; i.e. the process of building a holistic sanitation system by iteratively choosing and linking appropriate technologies

  36. Target users of the Compendium Engineers, planners and other professionals … • who are familiar with sanitation technologies and processes; • with well-developed awareness of the context and priorities of the community and other stakeholders; • With interest in learning more about alternative or novel technologies which may not be yet applied in the local context. „Non-experts“ interested in sanitation systems and technologies, their advantages and disadvantages

  37. Sanitation is defined as a multi-step process in which wastes are managed from the point of generation to the point of use Structure of the Compendium Part 1: Sanitation System Templates Part 2: Technology Information Sheets

  38. Products System Templates

  39. Functional Groups System Templates

  40. User Interface eg. Flush-Toilet, Pit Latrine Centralized Treatmenteg. Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, Waste Stabilization Pond Conveyanceeg. Simplified Sewer, Tank Lorries Reuse and Disposaleg. Composting or Leach Field Collection and Storage eg. Septic Tank Technologies have to be linked to a functional systems

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  42. Thank you !!

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