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Punishment

Punishment. Undesirable Side Effects. Escape and Avoidance Emotional Reaction Aggression Response Substitution Response Facilitation Generalized Suppression Punishment Contrast. Limitations of Punishment. Punishment does not teach appropriate behaviors.

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Punishment

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  1. Punishment

  2. Undesirable Side Effects • Escape and Avoidance • Emotional Reaction • Aggression • Response Substitution • Response Facilitation • Generalized Suppression • Punishment Contrast

  3. Limitations of Punishment • Punishment does not teach appropriate behaviors. • Punishment does not eliminate reinforcement. • Punishment becomes reinforcing. • Punishment may affect peers’ behavior. • Punishment should be intense. • Punishment should be immediate • Punishment should be continuous.

  4. Response Cost • A response cost is a form of punishment in which the loss of a specific amount of reinforcement occurs, contingent upon the performance of an inappropriate behavior. • The key feature is the loss of something a student finds reinforcing as a penalty for performing some inappropriate behavior.

  5. Advantages of a Response Cost • A response cost results in a fairly quick decrease in inappropriate behavior. • A response cost is convenient to use in the classroom. • A teacher can avoid direct confrontation with a student when using a response cost. • A response cost can be combined with other behavior management procedures

  6. Bonus Response Cost • A bonus response cost is an innovative and mild form of punishment that can be used in isolation or incorporated into a variety of reinforcement programs. • A teacher makes additional reinforcers available to a student noncontingently—that is, a student does not have to earn them. • When a student misbehaves, a specified amount of the bonus reinforcement is removed.

  7. Advantages of a Bonus Response Cost • A student can add to the reinforcement she earned by refraining from engaging in the inappropriate behavior. • A bonus response cost eliminates the need to remove existing tokens students have received for engaging in appropriate behaviors.

  8. Implementing a Response Cost • Operationally define the inappropriate behavior. • Specify the amount of the fine. • Impose the fine immediately after each occurrence of the misbehavior. • Ensure students do not lose more reinforcement (or points) than they earn. • Keep records on the occurrence of inappropriate behavior and number of points lost. • Plan for unexpected outcomes. • Do not overuse a response cost.

  9. Time-Out

  10. Common Misuses of Time-Out • Teachers fail to consider the level of reinforcement that exists in the time-in setting. • Time-out is applied before other less restrictive and more positive approached have been tried. • Teachers may be unable to enforce the time-out contingency. • The effectiveness of time-out often is not evaluated.

  11. Overcorrection • Restitutional overcorrection is a technique in which a student is required to correct the effects of inappropriate behavior by restoring the environment to a state superior to that which existed before the misbehavior occurred. • Positive practice overcorrection requires a student to repeatedly practice an appropriate behavior that is topographically related to the misbehavior. • Habit reversal involves having a student practice a behavior that is incompatible with the inappropriate behavior.

  12. Procedures Resembling Overcorrection Simple Correction Contingent Exercise Quiet Training Negative Practice Stimulus Satiation

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