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Waves

Waves. Menu. Recap of KS3 Light Reflection Diffuse & Regular Reflection Refraction Total Internal Reflection. Waves The Electromagnetic Spectrum. Light Travels in Straight Lines. Which direction is the Sun?. Sun. Remember….Light travels in straight lines!. HOW FAST IS LIGHT?

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Waves

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  1. Waves

  2. Menu • Recap of KS3 Light • Reflection • Diffuse & Regular Reflection • Refraction • Total Internal Reflection • Waves • The Electromagnetic Spectrum

  3. Light Travels in Straight Lines Which direction is the Sun? Sun Remember….Light travels in straight lines!

  4. HOW FAST IS LIGHT? It is the fastest thing in the universe. It travels at 300,000 kilometres per second. At this speed it can go around the world over 7 times in just one second.

  5. Thunder and lightning start at the same time, but we will see the lightning first. Light Travels Faster Than Sound. • The light & sound happen at the same time when a firework explodes

  6. We see things because the light is reflected into our eyes (The sun is different – it produces its own light.)

  7. Shadows are places where light is blocked What is a shadow?

  8. Summary of Light • Light travels in straight lines • Light travels much faster than sound • We see things because light is reflected into our eyes • Shadows are formed when light is blocked by an object Return to Menu

  9. Reflection

  10. How is light reflected from a mirror? Normal Incident Ray Reflected Ray Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection Plane Mirror

  11. Is there a law to explain reflection? Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection 500 500

  12. Regular Reflection Smooth, shiny surfaces like mirrors give ‘regular’ reflection

  13. Diffuse Reflection Rough, dull surfaces like a table top give ‘diffuse’ reflection. This is where light is scattered in all directions.

  14. What ‘type’ of reflection can you see? Diffuse reflection Clear Reflection

  15. What are mirrors used for? Periscopes

  16. What are mirrors used for? Car headlights Return to Menu

  17. Refraction

  18. Refraction Refraction happens when waves change speed as they travel through a different medium. The light rays are slowed down by the water and are refracted, causing the pencil to look ‘broken’.What are the 2 mediums in this example?

  19. Why is it so difficult to spear fish? Diamonds & prisms use the property of refraction.

  20. How is light refracted in a glass block? Air Bends towards normal when entering a MORE dense medium Glass Air Displacement Bends away from normal when entering a LESS dense medium

  21. What happens if light approaches along ‘NORMAL’? Air Glass Air The light ray isn’t deviated from its position even though it slows down in glass and speeds up in air.

  22. Angle of incidence the SAME as critical Angle of incidence LESS than critical Angle of incidence GREATER than critical results in TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

  23. Angle of incidence LESS than the critical angle Angle of incidence GREATER than critical angle

  24. Total internal reflection can turn a prism into a mirror!

  25. The special property of TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION is used in OPTICAL FIBRES • Uses of Optical Fibres include: • Communication • Endoscopes (the Magic Eye) Return to Menu

  26. What is a Wave? All waves carry energy without transferring matter. Light, infra red, and microwaves all make things warm up (which shows that they can carry energy). Loud sounds can make things vibrate or move. Even the quietest sound can move your ear drum.

  27. Waves can be…. • reflected • refracted • diffracted Waves are split into 2 types:- LONGITUDINAL (like sound) TRANSVERSE (like light)

  28. Longitudinal Waves Direction of wave Travel Vibrations In Longitudinal waves the VIBRATIONS are along the SAME DIRECTION as the Wave is Travelling SOUND IS A LONGITUDINAL WAVE

  29. Transverse Waves Direction of Wave Travel Most Waves are Transverse. LIGHT IS A TRANSVERSE WAVE Vibrations are at right Angles to Direction of Travel

  30. This is a Transverse Wave on a ‘Wave Machine’

  31. Describing Waves Vertical displacement Amplitude Horizontal Displacement Amplitude THE AMPLITUDE shows the displacement of the particles.It is related to energy

  32. Describing Waves Vertical displacement Wavelength Horizontal Displacement THE WAVELENGTH is a full cycle of the wave

  33. Describing Waves Vertical displacement Time THE PERIOD is the time taken for 1 complete cycle. (Notice the change in the horizontal axis)

  34. Frequency The frequency is the number of waves that pass a set point each second It is measured in hertz (Hz)

  35. The Wave Equation Speed Frequency & Wavelength are all linked together using the following equation:- SPEED = FREQUENCY x WAVELENGTH m/s Hz m

  36. 3 waves travel at the same speed but have different frequencies & wavelengths. Complete the Table Return to Menu

  37. The Electromagnetic spectrum

  38. The Electromagnetic Spectrum Visible Radio Waves Micro-waves Infra Red Gamma rays U.V X-rays • Longest Wavelength • Lowest Frequency • Lowest Energy • Shortest Wavelength • Highest Frequency • Highest Energy

  39. The Electromagnetic Spectrum • All E.M. waves have the same properties of light. They can all: • Travel at the speed of light • Be Reflected • Be Refracted • Travel through a vacuum as a transverse wave

  40. The E.M Spectrum The properties change as the wavelength (or frequency changes) There are 7 basic types: * Radio waves * Microwaves * Infra Red * Visible * Ultra Violet * X-Rays * Gamma Rays

  41. Radio Waves Used mainly for communication

  42. Microwaves • Microwaves have 3 main uses: • for cooking food rapidly • Satellite Transmission • Mobile phone communications

  43. Infra Red: • Otherwise known as Heat Radiation. It is given out by all hot objects. • We feel it on your skin as radiant heat. • Used for night-vision equipment and in remote controls for TVs.

  44. Some Examples of Infra Red Radiation Can you think of examples where Infra Red photography is useful to us? Look at the photographs for clues

  45. Fire Fighters Use Infra Red Cameras to Find People in Situations Where They Can’t Rely on Their Eyesight

  46. Visible Light (ROYGBIV) • This is the ONLY light from the E.M. spectrum that our eyes can detect. • We use colour to send signals. • They are used in Optical Fibre Digital Communications

  47. The colours of the rainbow: • Red • Orange • Yellow • Green • Blue • Indigo • Violet

  48. Ultraviolet (U.V.) • Used to: • Detect forgeries • Find hidden security marks • Make clothes glow ‘whiter than white!’ • Make your teeth appear whiter • Give us a suntan • Kill insects Dangerous – can cause cancer and make you blind!

  49. Ultra Violet Light can cause fluorescence

  50. X-Rays: • We use X-rays to: • Detect broken bones • To ‘screen’ bags for bombs, guns etc at airports.

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