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Restoration

2. Life during the Restoration. Charles was able to rule without having too much bother from Parliament. In reaction to Puritan strictness English people and in particular the upper classes followed the king in a life devoted to pastimes: music, theatre, dancing, hunting, extravagant and expensive

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Restoration

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    1. 1 Restoration . Charles II had lived in France for many years; he had a fine mind and had a keen interest in colonial and commercial affairs; he encouraged scientific enquiry and founded the Royal Society whose most prestigious President was sir Isaac Newton. Charles pardoned those who had been responsible for his fathers execution

    2. 2 Life during the Restoration Charles was able to rule without having too much bother from Parliament. In reaction to Puritan strictness English people and in particular the upper classes followed the king in a life devoted to pastimes: music, theatre, dancing, hunting, extravagant and expensive clothes, like at the court of Versailles, where King Louis XIV, Charless cousin, reigned London theatres were opened again in 1660 and the King became a patron of the theatre

    3. 3 During the reign of Charles II, Parliament passed different Acts to defend its privileges and ensure against any possible threat from the Catholics: The Test Act (1673): people who held public offices had to belong to the Anglican Church all clergymen were to be ordained by an Anglican bishop The Exclusion Bill (1679): it excluded the Catholic James (kings brother) from the throne and gave it to one of Jamess daughter, Mary, and her husband William.

    4. 4 the Plague and the Great Fire Two terrible events took place during the reign of Charles II: the Great Plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of 1666, which destroyed a great part of the City and many monuments including St Pauls Cathedral and the Globe Theatre

    5. 5 WHIGS AND TORIES Parliament was divided into two factions: One was nicknamed Tory and consisted of the supporters of the king and his legitimate successors, the Church of England and the landed gentry

    6. 6 2 the other was called Whig and consisted of both nobles and merchants, who did not want absolute power in monarchy and preferred religious toleration of protestant dissenters

    7. 7 Charles II died without any legitimate heir, so his brother James II succeeded him on the throne. At first he was supported by the Tories, until he began to place Catholics in position of authority in the army and the university

    8. 8 James was a widower and his heirs were his two protestant daughters: Mary married to William of Orange

    9. 9 Anne married to the ruler of Denmark

    10. 10 However, after remarrying the catholic Mary of Modena, in 1688, James became the father of a Catholic son and heir. The Whigs and even the Tories in Parliament were alarmed because a new civil war could happen Parliament and William of Orange negotiated secretly so James and his family were forced to escape to France

    11. 11 The Glorious Revolution On 28 January 1689 William III and Mary II became joint monarchs at the request of the Parliament. A revolution had taken place because the monarch had been chosen by Parliament and not by divine right. This revolution was known as the Bloodless or the Glorious Revolution because it was peaceful: there were no fightings

    12. 12 The new monarchs were allowed to reign on certain conditions. They were obliged to sign the Bill of Rights (1689) which further limited the power of the king in favour of Parliament.

    13. 13 Two more Acts were also passed: The Toleration Act giving freedom of worship to dissenters, but not to Catholics and the Act of Settlement (1701), stating the exclusion of catholic claimants from the throne. It also stated that on the death of William III, the throne would pass to Marys sister, Anne, and in case Anne would be without heirs, to the descendants of Sophia of Hanover, grand-daughter of James I

    14. 14 When William III died on 1702, the throne passed to Anne whose reign was characterised by events such as: The Spanish war of succession (1701 -1713) The union of England and Scotland by the Act of Union (1707)

    15. 15 The Spanish War of succession When King Charles II of Spain died without heirs, he left all his possessions to the French Duke Philip of Anjou, grandson of King Louis XIV of France. England realised that if French and Spanish territories went to a member of the French dynasty, France would gain naval and colonial supremacy throughout the world, breaking the balance of power in Europe. England decided, therefore, to fight against France. English troops were successful and King Louis XIV negotiated the Peace of Utrecht, which gave England the French possession in Canada, and the monopoly of the slave trade with Spanish America. Philip of Anjou became king of Spain with the title of Philip V, giving up all claims to the throne of France

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