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Stock Valuation

8. Stock Valuation. Discrete versus continuous time. While we value the bonds assuming ½, 1 years time difference between coupon payments, in reality the bond is traded every day.

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Stock Valuation

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  1. 8 Stock Valuation

  2. Discrete versus continuous time. • While we value the bonds assuming ½, 1 years time difference between coupon payments, in reality the bond is traded every day. • Assume a perpetuity that pays an annual coupon C with a required return of R. Show a graph that illustrates how the price of the perpetuity changes over time.

  3. Differences Between Debt and Equity • Equity • Ownership interest • Common stockholders vote for the board of directors and other issues • Dividends are not considered a cost of doing business and are not tax deductible • Dividends are not a liability of the firm and stockholders have no legal recourse if dividends are not paid • An all equity firm can not go bankrupt merely due to debt since it has no debt • Debt • Not an ownership interest • Creditors do not have voting rights • Interest is considered a cost of doing business and is tax deductible • Creditors have legal recourse if interest or principal payments are missed • Excess debt can lead to financial distress and bankruptcy

  4. Key Concepts and Skills • Understand how stock prices depend on future dividends and dividend growth • Be able to compute stock prices using the dividend growth model • Understand how corporate directors are elected • Understand how stock markets work • Understand how stock prices are quoted

  5. Cash Flows for Stockholders • If you buy a share of stock, you can receive cash in two ways • The company pays dividends • You sell your shares, either to another investor in the market or back to the company • As with bonds, the price of the stock is the present value of these expected cash flows

  6. One-Period Example • Suppose you are thinking of purchasing the stock of Moore Oil, Inc. and you expect it to pay a $2 dividend in one year and you believe that you can sell the stock for $14 at that time. If you require a return of 20% on investments of this risk, what is the maximum you would be willing to pay? • Compute the PV of the expected cash flows

  7. Two-Period Example • Now what if you decide to hold the stock for two years? In addition to the dividend in one year, you expect a dividend of $2.10 in two years and a stock price of $14.70 at the end of year 2. Now how much would you be willing to pay?

  8. Three-Period Example • Finally, what if you decide to hold the stock for three years? In addition to the dividends at the end of years 1 and 2, you expect to receive a dividend of $2.205 at the end of year 3 and the stock price is expected to be $15.435. Now how much would you be willing to pay?

  9. Developing The Model • You could continue to push back the year in which you will sell the stock • You would find that the price of the stock is really just the present value of all expected future dividends –why?

  10. Estimating Dividends: Special Cases • Constant dividend • The firm will pay a constant dividend forever • This is like preferred stock • The price is computed using the perpetuity formula • Constant dividend growth • The firm will increase the dividend by a constant percent every period • Supernormal growth • Dividend growth is not consistent initially, but settles down to constant growth eventually

  11. Zero Growth • Suppose stock is expected to pay a $0.50 dividend every quarter and the required return is 10% with quarterly compounding. What is the price?

  12. DGM – Example 1 • Suppose Big D, Inc. just paid a dividend of $.50. It is expected to increase its dividend by 2% per year. If the market requires a return of 15% on assets of this risk, how much should the stock be selling for?

  13. DGM – Example 2 • Suppose TB Pirates, Inc. is expected to pay a $2 dividend in one year. If the dividend is expected to grow at 5% per year and the required return is 20%, what is the price?

  14. Stock Price Sensitivity to Dividend Growth, g D1 = $2; R = 20%

  15. Stock Price Sensitivity to Required Return, R D1 = $2; g = 5%

  16. Example 8.3 Gordon Growth Company - I • Gordon Growth Company is expected to pay a dividend of $4 next period and dividends are expected to grow at 6% per year. The required return is 16%. • What is the current price?

  17. Example 8.3 – Gordon Growth Company - II • What is the price expected to be in year 4? • What is the implied return given the change in price during the four year period?

  18. Nonconstant Growth Problem Statement • Suppose a firm is expected to increase dividends by 20% in one year and by 15% in two years. After that dividends will increase at a rate of 5% per year indefinitely. If the last dividend was $1 and the required return is 20%, what is the price of the stock? • Remember that we have to find the PV of all expected future dividends.

  19. Quick Quiz – Part I • What is the value of a stock that is expected to pay a constant dividend of $2 per year if the required return is 15%? • What if the company starts increasing dividends by 3% per year, beginning with the next dividend? The required return stays at 15%.

  20. Finding the Required Return - Example • Suppose a firm’s stock is selling for $10.50. They just paid a $1 dividend and dividends are expected to grow at 5% per year. What is the required return? • What is the dividend yield? • What is the capital gains yield?

  21. Table 8.1 - Summary of Stock Valuation

  22. Features of Common Stock • Voting Rights • Proxy voting • Classes of stock • Other Rights • Share proportionally in declared dividends • Share proportionally in remaining assets during liquidation • Preemptive right – first shot at new stock issue to maintain proportional ownership if desired

  23. Dividend Characteristics • Dividends are not a liability of the firm until a dividend has been declared by the Board • Consequently, a firm cannot go bankrupt for not declaring dividends • Dividends and Taxes • Dividend payments are not considered a business expense; therefore, they are not tax deductible • The taxation of dividends received by individuals depends on the holding period and specific country rules.

  24. Features of Preferred Stock • Dividends • Stated dividend that must be paid before dividends can be paid to common stockholders • Dividends are not a liability of the firm and preferred dividends can be deferred indefinitely • Most preferred dividends are cumulative – any missed preferred dividends have to be paid before common dividends can be paid • Preferred stock generally does not carry voting rights

  25. Stock Market • Dealers vs. Brokers • New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) • NASDAQ

  26. Reading Stock Quotes • There are a many websites that provide real-time quote information. The most popular are Bloomberg, Google Finance, and Yahoo Finance. What type of information can we gather?

  27. Quick Quiz – Part II • You observe a stock price of $18.75. You expect a dividend growth rate of 5% and the most recent dividend was $1.50. What is the required return? • What are some of the major characteristics of common stock? • What are some of the major characteristics of preferred stock?

  28. Comprehensive Problem • XYZ stock currently sells for $50 per share. The next expected annual dividend is $2, and the growth rate is 6%. What is the expected rate of return on this stock? • What price is expected a year from now? • If the required rate of return on this stock were 12%, what would the stock price be, and what would the dividend yield be?

  29. Last problem • Suppose a stock has just paid a $5 per share dividend. The dividend is projected to grow at 10% for the next two years, then 8% for one year, and then 6% indefinitely. The required return is 12%. What is the stock’s value?

  30. A few words on the IPO process • IPO stands for initial public offering. • Important players - SEC, Auditors (accounting firms), Underwriters • Due-diligence process • The “road show” and setting the offering price • Google – a unique example.

  31. 9 Net Present Value and Other Investment Criteria

  32. -$400,000 0 1 2 Net Present Value • Capital Budgeting Decision • Suppose you had the opportunity to buy a tbill which would be worth $400,000 one year from today. • Interest rates on tbills are a risk free 7%. • What would you be willing to pay for this investment? PV today: $400,000 / (1.07) = $373,832

  33. Net Present Value • Capital Budgeting Decision • You would be willing to pay $ 373,832 for a risk free $400,000 a year from today. • Suppose this were, instead, an opportunity to construct a building, which you could sell in a year for $400,000 (guaranteed). • Since this investment has the same risk and cash flows as the tbill, it is also worth the same amount to you: $373,832

  34. Net Present Value • Capital Budgeting Decision • Now, assume you could buy the land for $50,000 and construct the building for $300,000. • Is this a good deal? • If you would be willing to pay $ 373,832 for this investment and can acquire it for only $350,000, you have found a very good deal! • You are better off by: $373,832 - $350,000 = $23,832

  35. Net Present Value • Valuing long lived projects • The NPV rule works for projects of any duration: • Simply discount the cash flows at the appropriate opportunity cost of capital and then subtract the cost of the initial investment. • The critical problems in any NPV problem are to determine: • The amount and timing of the cash flows. • The appropriate discount rate.

  36. Good Decision Criteria • We need to ask ourselves the following questions when evaluating capital budgeting decision rules • Does the decision rule adjust for the time value of money? • Does the decision rule adjust for risk? • Does the decision rule provide information on whether we are creating value for the firm?

  37. Project Example Information • You are looking at a new project and you have estimated the following cash flows: • Year 0: CF = -165,000 • Year 1: CF = 63,120 • Year 2: CF = 70,800 • Year 3: CF = 91,080 • Your required return for assets of this risk is 12%.

  38. Net Present Value • The difference between the market value of a project and its cost • How much value is created from undertaking an investment? • The first step is to estimate the expected future cash flows. • The second step is to estimate the required return for projects of this risk level. • The third step is to find the present value of the cash flows and subtract the initial investment.

  39. NPV – Decision Rule • If the NPV is positive, accept the project • A positive NPV means that the project is expected to add value to the firm and will therefore increase the wealth of the owners. • Since our goal is to increase owner wealth, NPV is a direct measure of how well this project will meet our goal.

  40. Decision Criteria Test - NPV • Does the NPV rule account for the time value of money? • Does the NPV rule account for the risk of the cash flows? • Does the NPV rule provide an indication about the increase in value? • Should we consider the NPV rule for our primary decision rule?

  41. Calculating NPVs with a Spreadsheet • Spreadsheets are an excellent way to compute NPVs, especially when you have to compute the cash flows as well. • Using the NPV function • The first component is the required return entered as a decimal • The second component is the range of cash flows beginning with year 1 • Subtract the initial investment after computing the NPV

  42. Payback Period • How long does it take to get the initial cost back in a nominal sense? • Computation • Estimate the cash flows • Subtract the future cash flows from the initial cost until the initial investment has been recovered • Decision Rule – Accept if the payback period is less than some preset limit

  43. Computing Payback for the Project • Assume we will accept the project if it pays back within two years. • Year 1: 165,000 – 63,120 = 101,880 still to recover • Year 2: 101,880 – 70,800 = 31,080 still to recover • Year 3: 31,080 – 91,080 = -60,000 project pays back in year 3 • Do we accept or reject the project? What do you think about this decision rule.

  44. Cash Flows in Dollars Project: C0 C1 C2 C3 A -2,000 +1,000 +$1,000 +10,000 B -2,000 +1,000 +$1,000 - C -2,000 - +$2,000 - Payback Investment Criteria • Payback • Payback is a very poor way of determining a project’s acceptability: • It often leads to nonsensical decisions. • Calculate the payback and NPV for the following projects if the discount rate is 10%: a

  45. Project: Payback (years) NPV @ 10% A 2 $7,249 B 2 - 264 C 2 - 347 Payback Investment Criteria • Payback vs NPV … what to do? • Under NPV, only project A is acceptable. B and C have negative NPV’s and are thus both unacceptable. • But if your payback period is 2 years, then all the projects are acceptable. • NPV and payback disagree … what is the correct answer?

  46. Decision Criteria Test - Payback • Does the payback rule account for the time value of money? • Does the payback rule account for the risk of the cash flows? • Does the payback rule provide an indication about the increase in value? • Should we consider the payback rule for our primary decision rule?

  47. Advantages and Disadvantages of Payback • Disadvantages • Ignores the time value of money • Requires an arbitrary cutoff point • Ignores cash flows beyond the cutoff date • Biased against long-term projects, such as research and development, and new projects • Advantages • Easy to understand • Adjusts for uncertainty of later cash flows • Biased toward liquidity

  48. Discounted Payback Period • Compute the present value of each cash flow and then determine how long it takes to pay back on a discounted basis • Compare to a specified required period • Decision Rule - Accept the project if it pays back on a discounted basis within the specified time

  49. Computing Discounted Payback for the Project • Assume we will accept the project if it pays back on a discounted basis in 2 years. • Compute the PV for each cash flow and determine the payback period using discounted cash flows • Year 1: 165,000 – 63,120/1.121 = 108,643 • Year 2: 108,643 – 70,800/1.122 = 52,202 • Year 3: 52,202 – 91,080/1.123 = -12,627 project pays back in year 3 • Do we accept or reject the project?

  50. Decision Criteria Test – Discounted Payback • Does the discounted payback rule account for the time value of money? • Does the discounted payback rule account for the risk of the cash flows? • Does the discounted payback rule provide an indication about the increase in value? • Should we consider the discounted payback rule for our primary decision rule?

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