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Three categories of human health risks

Three categories of human health risks. physical biological chemical. Biological Risks. Infectious diseases- those caused b y infectious agents, known as pathogens. Examples: pneumonia and venereal diseases. Biological Risks.

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Three categories of human health risks

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  1. Three categories of human health risks • physical • biological • chemical

  2. Biological Risks • Infectious diseases- those caused b y infectious agents, known as pathogens. • Examples: pneumonia and venereal diseases

  3. Biological Risks • Chronic disease- slowly impairs the functioning of a person’s body. • Acute diseases- rapidly impair the functioning of a person’s body.

  4. Historical Diseases • Plague • Malaria • Tuberculosis

  5. Emergent Diseases • HIV/AIDS • Ebola • Mad Cow Disease • Bird Flu • West Nile Virus

  6. Chemical Risks • Neurotoxins- chemicals that disrupt the nervous system • Carcinogens- chemicals that cause cancer • Teratogens- chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses • Allergens- chemicals that cause allergic reactions • Endocrine disruptors- chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal’s body

  7. Dose-Response Studies • LD50- lethal dose that kills 50% of the individuals • ED50- effective dose that causes 50% of the animals to display the harmful but nonlethal effect

  8. Synergistic interactions- when two risks come together and cause more harm that one would. For example, the health impact of a carcinogen such as asbestos can be much higher if an individual also smokes tobacco.

  9. Routes of Exposure

  10. Bioaccumulation • bioaccumulation- an increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time

  11. Biomagnification • Biomagnification- the increase in a chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain.

  12. Persistence • Persistence- how long a chemical remains in the environment

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