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Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries, playing a crucial role in delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing waste. It includes systemic and pulmonary circulation pathways. Fascinating heart facts reveal its size, pumping capacity, and the extensive network of blood vessels in the body. The heart's structure features chambers, valves, and membranes essential for proper function. Learn about blood flow, pressure measurement, and how the heart maintains rhythm and health throughout life.

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Cardiovascular System

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  1. Cardiovascular System

  2. Combining Forms • Aden(o): gland • Adenoid(o): adenoids • Aneurysm(o): aneurysm • Angi(o), vas(o), vascul(o): vessel • Aort(o): aorta • Arter(o), arteri(o): artery • Cancer(o), carcin(o): cancer • Coron(o): crown • Ech(o), son(o): sound • Endocardi(o): endocardium

  3. Combining Forms • Lymph(o): lymph • Lymphaden(o): lymph node • Lymphangi(o): lymph vessel • Lymphat(o): lymphatics • Mediastin(o): mediastinum • Myocardi(o): myocardium • Ox(i): oxygen • Pericardi(o): pericardium • Phleb(o), ven(i), ven(o): vein • Phot(o): light

  4. Combining Forms • Pulmon(o): lung • Rhythm(o), rrhythm(o): rhythm • Scler(o): hard • Sept(o): septum, partition • Sin(o): sinus, cavity, channel • Splen(o): spleen • Steth(o), thorac(o): chest • Thym(o): thymus • Tonsill(o): tonsil • Valv(o), valvul(o): valve • Ventricul(o): ventricle • Venul(o): venule

  5. Prefixes • De- = down, from, reversin • Epi- = above, upon • Peri- = around

  6. Suffixes • -edema: swelling • -ium: membrane • -meter: instrument used to measure • -metry: process of measuring • -ole: small • -oma: tumor • -phobia: abnormal fear • -sclerosis: stiffening, hardening • -stenosis: narrowing • -stomy: surgical opening • -tome: cutting instrument

  7. Your Heart • How many time does your heart beat per minute? day? Week? Month? Year? • Your heart pumps ~5.3 quarts per minute. How many quarts are pumped in a day? Week? Month? Year? • How many times has your heart beaten since you were born? • How many quarts of blood has your heart pumped since you were born?

  8. Interesting Heart Facts • Your heart is about the same size as your fist. • An average adult body contains about five quarts of blood. • All the blood vessels in the body joined end to end would stretch 62,000 miles or two and a half times around the earth. • The heart circulates the body's blood supply about 1,000 times each day. • The heart pumps the equivalent of 5,000 to 6,000 quarts of blood each day. • In one day, the blood travels a total of 19,000 km (12,000 miles) - that's four times the distance across the US from coast to coast.

  9. Cardiovascular System • Includes: heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries • Function: delivers oxygen and nutrients to all of the bodies cells and carries waste • Systemic: pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole

  10. Systemic Circulation • Systemic Circulation: carries oxygen rich blood between the heart and the rest of the body • Includes: arteries, aorta, vena cava, veins and capillaries

  11. Pulmonary Circulation • Pulmonary circulation: carries blood between the heart an lungs to pick up oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide • Includes: lungs, pulmonary artery, venules, arterioles and pulmonary veins

  12. Circulatory System • Arteries: take blood away from the heart • Arteriole: small artery • Capillaries: tiny arteries that blood cells can pass through single file • Veins: carry blood back to the heart • Venules: small veins that exchange blood with capillaries

  13. The Heart • Mediastinum: the area in the middle of the chest cavity that contains the heart, large vessels, trachea, esophagus and lymph nodes • Coronaryarteries and veins: the arteries and veins that supply blood to the heart

  14. The Heart • Endocardium: the inner lining of the heart • Myocardium: the thickest muscle layer of the heart • Epicardium: inner layer of the pericardium • Pericardium: a mucous membrane that surrounds the heart

  15. The Heart • Septum: the wall separating the right and left chambers of the heart • Atria (singular: atrium): the 2 upper chambers of the heart • Ventricles: the 2 lower chambers of the heart • Blood flow: blood enters the heart into the right atria and ventricles and leaves the heart from the left atria and ventricles

  16. The Heart • Inferior vena cava: where deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the legs • Superior vena cava: where deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the head and arms • Pulmonary artery: takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen • Pulmonary vein: takes oxygenated blood back to the heart • Aorta: takes oxygenated blood to the body • Carotid artery: carries blood to the brain

  17. Heart Valves • Tricuspid valve: between the right atrium and left ventricle • Mitral (bicuspid) valve: between the left atrium and left ventricle • Pulmonary valve: between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery • Aortic valve: between the left ventricle and the aorta

  18. Pumping Blood • Sinoatrial node (SA node): controls electrical impulses that cause the contraction of the heart (PACE MAKER) • Purkinje fibers: specialized nerve branches that allow fast contraction to synchronize the heart beat

  19. Blood Pressure • Sphygmomanometer: instrument that measures blood pressure • Systolic pressure: measured during heart muscle contraction (when the heart beats) • Top, higher number • Diastolic pressure: measured in between heart beats • Bottom, lower number • Hypertension: high blood pressure

  20. Causes of high blood pressure • Smoking • Obesity • Lack of exercise • Too much salt • Too much alcohol • Old age • Genetics • Kidney disease • Gland and thyroid disorders • Increased RBC count • Loss of elasticity in arterial walls

  21. Heart Beat • Stethoscope: placed on the chest to listen to heart sounds • Normal pulse rate: 60-100 bpm • Tachycardia: rapid heart rate • Bradycardia: slow heart rate

  22. Heart Conditions • Vasodilation: dilation of blood vessels • Vasoconstriction: constriction of blood vessels • Aortosclerosis: hardening of the aorta • Aortostenosis: narrowing of the aorta • Aneurysm: a blood filled bulge in the side of a blood vessel • Varicoseveins: blood pools up in veins

  23. Heart Conditions • Coronary artery disease (CAD): reduced flow of oxygen and nutrient to the myocardium • Cardiovascular disease: a disease of the heart and blood vessels that leads to heart attacks • #1 cause of death in the U.S.

  24. Heart Conditions • Arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD): hardening of the walls of the coronary arteries • Atherosclerosis: heart disease with fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries • Endarterectomy: removal of plaque from an obstructed artery

  25. Heart Conditions • Dysrhythmia: abnormal heart rhythm because the SA node is not working correctly • Fibrillation: rapid, uncoordinated heart contractions • Defibrillator: an electronic machine used to shock the heart to stop it • Ventricular fibrillation: severe cardiac dysrhythmia

  26. Heart Conditions • CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation • Resuscitation: restoring life • Congenitalheartdisease: any heart disease present at birth • Ventricular septal defect (VSD): an abnormal opening in the septum near the left and right ventricles • Atrial septal defect (ASD): an abnormal opening in the septum near the left and right atria

  27. Heart Conditions • Murmurs: abnormal sounds stemming from the heart valves • Thrombosis: a blood clot in the coronary artery • Myocardial infarction: no blood is being supplied to the heart itself (heart attack) • Anoxia: condition where no oxygen is present • Ischemia: insufficient blood flow to an area

  28. Heart Conditions • Cardiomegaly: enlargement of the heart because it is working too hard • Microcardia: abnormal smallness of the heart • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): record of the heart while exercising to record heart stress • Echocardiogram: ultrasound used to diagnose heart conditions • Computed tomography (CT): produces a cross section of an organ

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