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PSYCHOLOGY

Explore the fascinating field of psychology, which studies human behavior, cognition, and emotions. Learn about the distinctions between psychologists and psychiatrists, the roots of psychology in philosophy, and significant milestones such as Wilhelm Wundt's establishment of the first psychology laboratory. Discover various psychological perspectives, from behaviorism to psychoanalysis, and understand research methods like correlations and experiments. This comprehensive overview provides insight into psychological theories, famous figures, and the scientific approach to understanding the mind.

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PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. PSYCHOLOGY • Scientific study of: • Human Behavior (Actions) • Cognition (Thoughts) • Affect (Feelings) • Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist? • Psychiatrist = Medical Doctor (MD) • Psychologist = PhD, Master’s level

  2. PSYCHOLOGY INCLUDES: • Perspectives On: • Instincts • Genetics • Learning • Development

  3. PSYCHOLOGY – EARLY ROOTS • Philosophy • Thinking about thinking • Aristotle – theories about learning, emotion, motivation, etc.

  4. BIRTH OF PSYCHOLOGY - 1879 • Wilhelm Wundt (Germany) • Established the 1st psychology laboratory • 1st Experiments: measured time lag between hearing a sound and hitting a button • Emphasis on introspection • Examining one’s own emotions and mental processes

  5. PSYCHOLOGY BEGINNINGS • William James • Wrote Principles of Psychology (1890) • 1st widely recognized text of Psychology • Introspective examination of stream of consciousness and emotion

  6. PSYCHOLOGY BEGINNINGS • Sigmund Freud (early 1900s) • Psychoanalysis: Treating pathology through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst • Theories on personality and the unconscious mind • Defense mechanisms (e.g., repression)

  7. BEHAVIORISM (1920-1960) Science viewed as rooted in observations • Rejected introspection • Can’t observe feelings and thoughts • CAN observe people’s behavior (objective) Famous Behaviorists: • John B. Watson • Little Albert Study • B.F. Skinner • Studied how consequences shape behavior • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AepqpTtKbwo

  8. HINDSIGHT BIAS • “Hindsight is 20/20” • After learning the outcome of a situation, we tend to believe that we knew what would happen all along

  9. SCIENCE INCLUDES: • Theory • Organizes and links observed facts • Puts forth hypotheses that can be tested • Hypothesis • A prediction that can be tested • Observation • Identification/Description • Experimental Investigation: • Scientific Method

  10. Observations & Descriptions of Behavior • Case Study • Freud • Oliver Sacks – Neurologist • Study one individual in great depth • Hope is to gain information that can apply to all (or many) of us • Survey • Many cases but less depth • People report their behaviors or opinions • Wording effects • Random Sample most accurate (each member of the population of interest has equal chance of being included)

  11. Observations & Descriptions of Behavior • Naturalistic Observation • Watching & recording behavior in a natural environment • Informed Consent Issue • Jane Goodall – Chimpanzee observations • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHO3Eo6mMy4

  12. CORRELATION VS CAUSE/EFFECT • Correlation: Relationship of two or more variables. • No Correlation • Positive- Both variables change in same way • Negative- Both variables change in different ways • Does not Demonstrate Causality

  13. No Correlation

  14. Positive Correlation Time increases & jump height increases

  15. Negative Correlation Temperature decreases as elevation increases

  16. (1) Low self-esteem Depression or (2) Depression could cause Low self-esteem or Low self-esteem (3) Distressing events or biological predisposition could cause and Depression CORRELATION AND CAUSATION • Three possible cause-effect relations could cause

  17. THE EXPERIMENT • Experiment: one or more factor is manipulated to observe the effect • Groups • Experimental (receives the treatment) • Control • Placebo (e.g., sugar pill) • Random Assignment – helps rule out alternative explanations • Double Blind Procedure • Both researchers & participants are “blind” about whether the participants have received the treatment or a placebo • Clever Hans (http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/11479-animal-intelligence-clever-hans-the-horse-video.htm)

  18. Experimentation • Independent Variable • the experimental factor that is manipulated • the variable whose effect is being studied • Dependent Variable • the experimental factor that is being measured • in psychology it is usually a behavior or mental process • may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable • REMEMBER: Correlational studies uncover naturally occurring relationships. Experiments manipulate a factor to determine its effect.

  19. Examples: Independent Variables (IV) & Dependent Variables (DV) Researchers want to examine the effect of a positive behavior program on rates of referrals to the principal’s office. IV? DV? A significant difference was found in the graduation rates of at-risk high-school seniors who participated in an intensive study program when compared to at-risk high-school seniors who did not participate in the intensive study program. IV? DV?

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