Muslim Lands Fall to Imperialist Demands

1. Muslim Lands Fall to Imperialist Demands

2. Colonization of Egypt After French left Egypt, Muhammad Ali started reforms to modernize Egypt He strengthened the army using European experts and techniques Increased agricultural production Modern administration European style state schools Exportation of cotton and other crops was used to pay for the reforms Population doubled, trade with Europe rose 600%, new class of educated Egyptians Ismail, the ruler after Muhammad Ali increased the number of European advisors, and increased the debts Egypt owed to French and British banks The price of continuing reforms and public works strained the Egyptian treasury Egyptian inability to pay back the loans led to its occupation by the British for the 70 years following 1882 The British ruled indirectly

3. Responses to Imperialism British economic development enriched the elite of Egypt Peasants got little relief from heavy taxes Western ways conflicted with Islam, such as drinking of alcohol and relative freedom of women This offended Muslim religious leaders Most Egyptians disliked the English By 1890s, Egyptians politicians and intellectuals were demanding that the British leave

4. Imperialism in the Ottoman Empire End of the eighteenth century, Sultan Selim III introduced reforms to create a European style military, centralize the government, and standardize taxation Selim was killed during a military uprising in Istanbul Sultan Mahmud II began a new round of reforms Tanzimat was a series of reforms made by Mahmud’s son, which created new legal codes modeled after those in Europe, reforms to implement European technology, created schools with European teachers

5. Response to Imperialism In the Ottoman Empire Janissaries opposed the initial reforms by Selim III because they did not want to lose their traditional privileges Janissaries created an uprising in Serbia, massacring Christians because they thought their power was being threatened Ulama, Muslim intellectuals, also opposed reforms, because they distrusted the secularization of law and taxation Mahmud II dissolved the Janissaries

6. Pros of Imperialism Building of the Aswan dam by the British controlled the flooding of the Nile and increased the number of crops farmers could grow each year, leading to an increased in agricultural production Enrichment of the elite landowners and merchants in Egypt Increased industrial manufacturing led to cheaper goods on the market Cheaper transportation of goods on the railroads Increased educational opportunities Growth of cities Embracing of European culture and language in the new cosmopolitan culture of Ottoman cities Alliance between Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire as a result of the Crimean War

7. Cons of Imperialism Western ways conflicted with the beliefs of Islam Most Egyptians were forced to pay heavy taxes to pay for debt to foreigners, and the expenses of the British occupation Occupation by the British Increased industrialization put workers out of jobs Military uprisings in the Ottoman Empire because of opposition to reforms

8. Effects of Imperialism European influence, culture, and technology spread throughout Muslim lands Europeans occupied areas of Muslim lands, such as Egypt, and helped to liberate others, such as Greece Power of the Ottoman Empire continued to decline

9. Later History A nationalist movement had begun in Egypt before the first world war After the war, because of constant uprisings and revolts, the British declared the independence of Egypt on February 22, 1922 Independent Egypt began as a parliamentary representative government, but on June 18, 1953, it was declared a democracy The Ottoman empire was dissolved after World War I The Ottoman Empire was broken up into 40 modern day countries

10. This is a map of the railroads in Egypt. Railroads first came to Egypt during the public works projects that were made in Egypt after they saw the power of the Europeans. This was added to during the time that Egypt was ruled by Great Britain

11. This map shows different industries and natural resources present today in Egypt. Technology that spread from Europe helped these industries to develop.