BIOLOGY EOCT

1. BIOLOGY EOCT IMPORTANT POINTS & MORE IMPORTANT POINTS

2. OTHER NAMES FOR THE SAME TERM • CELL MEMBRANE IS ALSO THE: • PLASMA MEMBRANE • LIPID BILAYER • PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

3. OTHER NAMES FOR THE SAME TERM DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS ALSO THE RESPONDING VARIABLE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS ALSO THE MANIPULATED VARIABLE

4. LEAVES • CUTICLE – PROTECTIVE COVERING • EPIDERMIS – HELPS PROVIDE PROTECTION ALONG WITH OTHER ROLES; IS LOCATED INSIDE OF THE CUTICLE; • STOMATA – OPENINGS IN LEAVES THAT OPEN AND CLOSE TO RELEASE WATER

5. OCEAN FOOD WEB PRODUCERS • PHYTOPLANKTON • INCLUDES DINOFLAGELLATES & DIATOMS

6. OCEAN FOOD WEB & PRIMARY CONSUMERS • PRIMARY CONSUMERS – ZOOPLANKTON • INCLUDE CILIATES, COPEPODS, SHRIMP, LARVAE OF MOLLUSKS, ETC

7. THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

8. FOSSILS PRESERVED REMAINS OF PLANTS, ANIMALS MOST FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY ROCK OLDEST FOSSILS ON THE BOTTOM

9. RELATIVE DATING • COMPARE FOSSIL PLACEMENT WITH FOSSILS IN OTHER LAYERS OF ROCK • ESTIMATES THE AGE OF THE FOSSILS

10. RADIOACTIVE DATING • USE HALF-LIVES TO DETERMINE THE AGE OF FOSSILS; • CALCULATES THE AGE OF A SAMPLE BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF REMAINING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IT CONTAINS; • GIVES THE ABSOLUTE AGE; • (HALF-LIFE – THE LENGTH OF TIME REQUIRED FOR HALF OF THE RADIOACTIVE ATOMS IN A SAMPLE TO DECAY)

11. RADIOACTIVE DATING • CARBON 14 (C-14) – 5,730 YEARS HALF-LIFE • CARBON 12 (C-12) – NO DECAY • COMPARE THE TWO CARBONS – THE MORE C-12 THERE IS COMPARED TO C-14, THE OLDER THE SAMPLE IS; • CARBON-14 USED TO DATE FOSSILS YOUNGER THAN 60K YEARS • K-40 USED TO DATE FOSSILS BILLIONS OF YEARS OLD

12. INDEX FOSSILS • USED TO COMPARE THE RELATIVE AGE OF FOSSILS • MUST: • BE EASILY RECOGNIZED • HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED FOR A SHORT TIME • HAVE A WIDE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE

13. INDEX FOSSILS

14. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

15. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES • HAVE DIFFERENT MATURE FORMS BUT DEVELOP FROM THE SAME EMBRYONIC TISSUE • EACH LIMB HAS ADAPTED IN WAYS THAT ENABLE ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS • PROVIDES STRONG EVIDENCE THAT ALL 4 LIMBED ANIMALS WITH BACKBONES HAVE DESCENDED WITH MODIFICATION FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR.

16. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION • PROCESS BY WHICH UNRELATED ORGANISMS COME TO RESEMBLE ONE ANOTHER. • (CONVERGE – COME TOGETHER FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS, BACKGROUNDS, ETC) • EX. SWIMMING ANIMALS - SHARK, PENGUIN, DOLPHIN – DIFFERENT GROUPS – RESEMBLE ONE ANOTHER IN STREAMLINED BODIES & SWIMMING APPENDAGES;

17. ADAPTIVE RADIATION • PROCESS BY WHICH A SINGLE SPECIES OR SMALL GROUP OF SPECIES HAS EVOLVED INTO SEVERAL DIFFERENT FORMS THAT LIVE IN DIFFERENT WAYS. • EX. DARWIN’S FINCHES – SINGLE SPECIES EVOLVED INTO OVER A DOZEN DIFFERENT SPECIES.

18. ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES • STRUCTURES THAT LOOK AND FUNCTION SIMILARLY BUT ARE MADE UP OF PARTS THAT DO NOT HAVE A COMMON EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY.

19. ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES

20. COEVOLUTION PROCESS BY WHICH TWO SPECIES EVOLVE IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN EACH OTHER OVER TIME; EX. FLOWERS & POLLINATOR INSECTS – ORCHID FROM MADAGASCAR & HAWK MOTH

21. ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF COEVOLUTION • PLANTS AND INSECT INTERACTION - PLANTS DEVELOP POISONOUS COMPOUNDS TO PREVENT INSECTS FROM FEEDING ON IT.

22. CLADOGRAM – EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION • SHOWS THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG A GROUP OF ORGANISMS • USES DERIVED CHARACTERS – CHARACTERISTICS THAT APPEAR IN RECENT PARTS OF A LINEAGE BUT NOT IN OLDER MEMBERS.

23. CLADOGRAMS

24. ENDOTHERMS • ANIMAL THAT GENERATES ITS OWN BODY HEAT AND CONTROLS ITS BODY TEMPERATURE FROM WITHIN.

25. ECTOTHERMS • ANIMAL THAT RELIES ON INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT TO HELP IT CONTROL ITS BODY TEMPERATURE

26. SPECIES • A GROUP OF SIMILAR ORGANISMS THAT CAN BREED AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING. • A hybrid from a male lion and a female tiger is called a liger • a hybrid from a male tiger and a female lion is a tiglon

27. SPECIES(LIGERS & TIGLONS OH MY!)

28. CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS (AT SOME POINT IN THEIR LIFE CYCLE)

29. THE THREE BACTERIAL SHAPES coccus (sing.), cocci (pl.): are spherical (coccus = a berry), bacillus (sing.), bacilli (pl.): are rod-shaped (bacill(um) = a little stick), and spirillum (sing.), spirilla (pl.): are spiral (spiro = spiral, coil).

30. BACTERIAL SHAPES • STREPTOCOCCUS – A CHAIN OF ROUND BACTERIA • STAPHYLOCOCCUS – A CLUSTER OF ROUND BACTERIA • DIPLOCOCCUS – TWO ROUND BACTERIA

31. ANIMAL KINGDOM PHYLA • PHYLA PORIFERA – PORE BEARERS - SPONGES • PHYLA CNIDARIA – HOLLOW INTESTINE - JELLYFISH, CORALS, HYDRA • PHYLA PLATYHELMINTHES – FLATWORMS (PARASITIC & NONPARASITIC) • PHYLA NEMATODA – PARASITIC ROUNDWORMS • PHYLA MOLLUSCA – BIVALVES, OCTUPUS, SQUID • PHYLA ANNELIDA – SEGMENTED WORMS - EARTHWORMS

32. ANIMAL KINGDOM PHYLA • PHYLA ECHINODERMATA – SPINY SKINNED ANIMALS – SEASTARS, SEA ANEMONES • PHYLA ARTHROPODA – JOINTED FEET - INSECTS, LOBSTERS, SPIDERS • PHYLA CHORDATA – BACKBONES – FISH, BIRDS, MAMMALS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS,

33. ANGIOSPERMS THE FLOWERING PLANTS EX. MAPLE, OAK, DOGWOOD, HICKORY, PECAN, APPLE, PEACH, PEAR TREES EX. ROSES, DANDELIONS, DAYLILIES, TULIPS, HIBISCUS, TOMATO, BEAN PLANTS THE FLOWER IS AN ADAPTATION TO ATTRACT POLLINATORS AND REPRODUCTION TO OCCUR.

34. GYMNOSPERMS THE CONE-BEARING PLANTS EX. PINE, SPRUCE, FIR, REDWOOD, HEMLOCK TREES THE CONE IS A PLANT ADAPTATION TO PRODUCE AND PROTECT SEEDS FOR REPRODUCTION.

35. SYMMETRY – 3 KINDS • ASYMMETRY – NO SYMMETRY (SPONGES) • RADIAL – BODY PARTS REPEAT AROUND THE CENTER OF THE BODY (JELLYFISH, SEASTARS, SEA ANEMONE) • BILATERIAL – BODY PLAN IN WHICH A SINGLE IMAGINARY LINE DIVIDES THE BODY INTO TWO EQUAL HALVES (CHORDATES, EARTHWORMS, FLATWORMS, MOLLUSKS, ARTHROPODS)

36. EXAMPLES OF SYMMETRY