بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم * * رب إشرح لى صدرى و يسر لى أمرى وأحلل عقدة من لسانى يفقهوا قولى

1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم **رب إشرح لى صدرى و يسر لى أمرى وأحلل عقدة من لسانى يفقهوا قولى صدق الله العظيم

2. RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS Under supervision of : *Prof .Dr. / NADER A. AL SHERBENY *Introduced By : Ahmad Mokhtar Hamed Abu Dahab

3. Introduction: • *As retina is the receptor of lights for vision & ear drum is the receptor of sounds for hearing ……..etc , RADIOGRAPHIC FILM is one of tools of receptors detecting X-ray !! • * So we will ask what is this film , what is its components & how it act ?

4. * Radiographic FILMS Main Types : • As regarding its use , there are : • 1- DIAGNOSTIC FILMS • 2- DOSIMETRY FILMS

5. 1-RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS FOR DIGNOSTIC AIMS:

6. Definition : • We can define it simply as the material which receiving diagnostic X-ray & transforming it to FIXED visible image . • It is the most commonly used medium for information transfer . • Other medias used such as : *Fluoroscopic screens*Image intensifiers*Television monitors ………etc .

7. * HISTORICAL VIEW : • From 1895 until 1914 : • A glass plate , coated on one side by emulsion used as radiographic film , but • The World I war cut off glass supply , so another material should be used , ?

8. In 1915 : Cellulose nitrate base , coated on one side , invented by KODAK . In 1918 : A double face coated of the same material is introduced (why ? ) - for shorter time of exposure ( explained latter ) In 1924 : Cellulose triacetate used , as it safer than nitrate ( as it has fire hazards ) In 1960 : The polyester base used nowadays become available .

9. CONSTRUCTION : It is composed of 2 main components : 1- Base2- Emulsion Other components are : *Adhesive material : which adhering emulsion to base . * Super coating layer : a gelatin layer , covering emulsion & protecting it . ( Let us go to see these components in more details -------------------

10. Diagram of film component :

11. 1- The Film Base : • It is the base carrying the fragile photographic sensitive emulsion particles . • It is composed nowadays of POLYESTER . • CHARACTARS : 1- Not too much light absorber ( as X-ray is transformed into light by Intensifying screens to affect sensitive layers . 2- Easy handling : as regarding Flexibility , Thickness (about 0.2 mm ), & Strength  Easy processing

12. . 3- Dimension stability : i.e. its dimensions not changing during processing or storage . 4- Safety in use : * For user Non inflammable . * For processing Waterproof * For information  Transparent , Blue so giving good visual contrast in image , more accurate diagnosis & less strain & fatigue to the eye .

13. 2-THE SENSITIVE EMULSION: • It is the sensitive layer , covering both sides of base , Adherent to it by adhesive layer & covered by GELATENOUS protective layer. • NATURE : About 20 micron of SILVER HALIDE as sliver bromine , chlorine & iodine. • FORMS :* Fine grains * Coarse grains

14. HOW IT MANUFACTURED? • It can be simply explained by the followingequation : solutions of *Potassium Bromide(K Br) +*Silver nitrate (Ag No3) + solution of animal gelatin ---in total Darkness/Heat & Mix  Jelly like substance. * K No3 washed up / * Ag Br precipitate forming the sensitive emulsion layer .

15. * Role of Gelatinous Material : • It is protective to the grains during processing . • It swells & Absorpe solutions make it in contact with grains .

16. According to the rate of mixing & heating , the size of grains acquired as follow : * Rapid mixing & low temp. Fine grains * Slow mixing & higher temp. Larger grains.

17. i.e. we can imagine it as if : The more Rate of mixing  more breaking of particles  Fine grains . • The percentage of component of silver halide is  * 90 : 99 % Silver bromide . *10 : 1 % Silver iodide . WHY ? As this mixture is much higher sensitive than pure Silver bromide .

18. *What is the difference betweenlarge & Small grains ? • Covering of the film by wide range of variable size grains , giving wide range of tones in image . Thus wide variant of intensities could be received on the film . • If only one size of grains is used , it will be affected to certain limit of exposure  low quality image , due to a very narrow range of densities .

19. *TYPES OF MEDICAL X-RAYFILMS : • 1-SCREEN FILMS. • 2-NON SCREEN FILMS or DIRECT EXPOSURE FILMS .

20. *1-Screen Films (or Regular Films): • The emulsion on it respond to direct X-ray exposure &/or light (from intensifying screens)…….so called Screen films . • It is divided 2 groups : 1- Films for manual or slow automatic processing . 2- Films for rapid automatic processing .

21. 2-Direct Exposure Films : • Used without int. screens in light tight envelop . • It is carrying thicker layer of emulsion . • It is used in cases need to heavy exposure of X-ray , so no need of intensifying (e.g. Bone studies ) • This type need 5 : 25 times of exposure of screen film to give similar image . • Mostly need Manual processing , as its

22. Thickness make it unsuitable for automatic processing .

23. *HOW TO DEAL WITH FILMSUNTIL USING IT : • PACKING :Films are packed in water proofed , light tight , sealed paper folders. • These folders are kept in special cardboard boxes . • Each cardboard contains : 25 , 50 , 75 or 100 films .

24. * Storage of X-ray films : • Sensitive materials on films deteriorate gradually , rate of this deterioration is related to storage factors . • Good storage Late deteriorate , even after date of Expire . & reverse is right . • Many factors can damage or deteriorate sensitive material states , such as :

25. Heat , light , humidity , X-ray , radioactive substance , chemical fumes…..etc. • Also bad handling has the same effects : as rolling & bending . • ALL THESE FACTORS should be avoided in storage of films .

26. * Ideal Storage Conditions : • 1- Temperature :Not > 20 c , not near heat sources • 2- Humidity : 50 : 65 % i.e. Relatively cool & dry atmosphere . 3- Keep away from source of X-ray . 4- Boxes of films should be arranged verticaly on there sides easy access , expire Date facing the user .

27. They should not arranged above each other  Lower box compressed by the weight of over crowded boxes . • FILM SIZE : • In cm : • 13---x---18---x---24---x---30---x---40 cm • In inches : • 4 6 • xx 8---x---10---x---12---x---15 17x 14 & 14 x 14

28. * FilmIdentification Data • There is soma important data should be present on X-ray film , which are : • 1-Radiologist (or Lab.) Name & Address. • 2-Patient Name or I.D. number . • 3-Date of examination. • 4-Type of examination , & examined site or organ . • 5-Time interval between serial examination films

29. *SPECIAL TYPES OF X-RAY FILMS : • 1-Mamography Films • 2-Medical recording Films • 3-Mass radiography Films 4-Dental radiography Films • 5-Cinefluorography Films

30. 1-MAMOGRAPHY FILMS : • Using : Breast radiography • One side emulsioned , covered by highly fine grains . Detect very fine soft tissue details . • It is used with out Intensifying Screens . • Size : 18x24 & 24x30 cm • Processing : Manual & automatic.

31. 2-MEDICAL RECORDING F. : • Using: Record images of special equipments as CT , US , Gamma camera ,&MRI. • One side emulsioned , this side identified by prescience of notch on top Rt side . • Size : 8x10 , 11x14 & 14x17 inch • Processing : Better to be automatic .

32. 3-MASS RADIOGRAPHY FILM: • Special PhotoFluographic films • Very sensitive  better to be processed in total DARKNESS. • ????????

33. 2- RADIOGRAPHIC FILM DOSIMETRY :

34. *USING OF RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS AS DOSIMETER HAS MANY ADVANTAGES • Let us see what are these Advantages :

35. 1- Small in size . • 2- Low cost . • 3- Provide permanent record

36. * B U T * • Using of it need attention to many points , such as : • 1-Type of emulsion . • 2-Response of the film . • 3-Processing technique • & • 4-Interpretetion of the exposure

37. 1- Emulsion properties : • The emulsion components are described before , but  • The NEUTRON Films emulsion is differ in: • 3 times thicker than X-ray film . • Coating one side .

38. 2- FILM RESPONSE (Photographic effect) : • It is Described by GURNEY & MOTT Theory : • و أرجو من سيادتكم التكرم بتوضيحها !

39. * Properties of film response : • X-ray  PhotonsFilm darkening . • The more beam intensity  more darkening…… • Until • Reaching certain level of exposure • The relation ship between Density & Exposure is determined by :

40. CHARACTERISTIC CURVE : • It is the curve representing the relation ship between * NET DENSITY of film • & • EXPOSURE Logarithm . c b density a Exposure log

41. * As showen in Diagram , Characteristic curve divided into : • A- The Toe portion • B- The Linear portion & • C- The Shoulder • A- In the toe portion : • Film response is very slowly . • Change in exposure  narrow range of difference in Density . • It is valueless in dosimetry .

42. B- In LINEAR portion : • It is the region of Exposure measure . • Change in exposure  very rapid change in Density . • Accuracy in this part is the best . • The extent of this portion = the useful range of the film . • CONTRAST OF THE FILM : it is the slope of this portion, i.e. ability of the film to differentiate between 2 near levels of exposure .

43. C-In SHOULDER portion : • It is the region of saturation. • Large change of exposure  Little density change . • It is the least useful region in measurment of exposure . • IN SOME FILMS : • Increase Exposure  Decrease Density ,due to unexplained cause

44. *LATENTIMAGE FADING : • By time, the formed image may be faded , especially If exposed to certain factors . • These factors enhancing fading ,such as : • 1- High Humidity ( vital factor) • 2-Oxygen • 3- High Temperature Extremity of these factors  serious fading false measurements .

45. * FILM SPEED : • It is a term referred to amount of darkness on a film related to a given amount of radiation . • ENERGY DEPENDENCY ???!

46. 3-PROCESSING OF FILM : • The manner of processing affect density . • The following factors affecting density : • 1- Development time 3:5 min • 2-Temperature20c(more temp. more density ) so in high temp , processing time should be decrease . • 3- Developer Age & • 4- Agitation amount

47. Agetation : it is shaking of the film in the tanks during processing . • If the film is not agetated , the image will be more in the lower part , due to more concentration in the bottom of tank . • Processing is composed of following steps : • Developing  washing Fixing  washing

48. Developer : • Is the solution developing the image . • Temeprature of developer  about 68 f / 20 c . • Time of developing  3 : 5 min • Fixer : • It is a HYPO SOLUTION ? • It dissolving the unused emulsion . • Time of fixation  5 : 15 min

49. 4- INTERPRETATION : • In interpretation of film BASE FOGEshould be in mind . • BASE FOG ; • It is the slight density founded in film if it processed with out exposure . • Factors affect integrity of film ,sharing in BASE FOG extension .( High Temperature is the main factor of Base fog ) • To avoid false Interpretation , Control Non used film is processed with used film .