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Chapter 23

Chapter 23. The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1815. Section 1 The French Revolution Begins. The Estates. 1770s – France was divided into three social classes (estates). 3 rd Estate. Three groups: Bourgeoisie – middle class; could be wealthy; paid very high taxes

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Chapter 23

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  1. Chapter 23 The French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1815

  2. Section 1The French Revolution Begins

  3. The Estates • 1770s – France was divided into three social classes (estates)

  4. 3rdEstate • Three groups: • Bourgeoisie– middle class; could be wealthy; paidvery high taxes • Knew and embraced Enlightenmentideals • Workers • Peasants • Highest taxedwith the fewest privileges

  5. Reasons for Change • Huge group made up the lowest class • New ideas of government • Enlightenmentideals + the AmericanRevolution • Economic problems • By the 1780s, France was starting to weaken • LouisXVI and Marie Antoinette nearly doubletheir debt

  6. Louis XVI • In addition to being extravagant, Louis XVI was indecisive • He waited until they were nearly bankrupt to deal with it • Tried to taxthe 2ndestate • A meeting will be called with representatives from each estate (Estates-General) to discuss the tax

  7. Beginning Revolution • The first 2estates traditionally outvoted the 3rd (1 vote per estate) • Angered over the power of the first 2 estates, the 3rdestate created the National Assembly to become the new legislature • Took all the power away from the king • Tennis Court Oathwas the first act of “revolt” against the king, promising not to quit until a new Constitutionwas created

  8. Bastille Day • The National Assembly feared Louisusing the military to dismiss them • Began collecting weapons • Trying to find more weapons, a mobstormed the Bastille, a Parisian prison • Killedguards and paradedthrough the streets with heads on pikes • Considered the French “IndependenceDay” (July14, 1789)

  9. Great Fear • At the beginning of revolution, panicswept out of Paris and through the countryside • Created chaos • Louisand MarieAntoinette were forcedto move back to Paris after attempting to flee the country

  10. Warm-up #1 – write the number, what’s red, and the answer • What percentage of people belonged to the 3rd estate? • What happened on Bastille Day? • Which group of people in France most embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment? B____________ • What prompted the meeting of the Estates-General during the reign of Louis XVI? • What group of people were hurt most by the tax system pre-Revolution in France? • 98% • French mob stormed a prison and killed all the guards (French Independence Day) • Bourgeoisie • Louis XVI tried to raise taxes on 2ndestate • 3rd estate

  11. Section 2Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

  12. The Assembly Reforms France • Out of fear, nobles and clergy began to join the National Assembly • First act was to eliminate the privileges of the 1st and 2ndestates • By the end of the summer of 1789, they had created a set of rights just like the US Constitution • Ignored women

  13. Church and King • Church was nationalized • Landbecame “public” and officialswere elected • Angered many peasants • Louis XVI and his family tried to escape France • Caught and put under guard • Strengthened his opponents

  14. A Government Forms • The National Assembly debated a constitutionfor 2years. • The Final Product: • Constitutionalmonarchy • Created a LegislativeAssembly • Could create laws but the monarchy was responsible for enforcing them

  15. Factions Develop • After gaining power, the Legislative Assembly quickly divided into 3 groups • Radicals – wanted extreme change (no king) • Moderates – wanted some change • Conservatives – wanted few changes • Other groups sought to change policies from the outside • Emigres- nobles who had fled • San-culottes – commoners who wanted greater changes

  16. War • Other nations, fearing the same would happen to them, encouraged Louis XVIto reclaim power • Legislative Assemblydeclared war • Imprisonedthe royal family • SeptemberMassacres resulted from mobs storming prisons and killing the imprisoned nobles

  17. Jacobins • The most radical politicians ended up with control • Became known as Jacobins • Advocated the killingof ANYONE who supported the king • Jan 21, 1793– they try Louis XVI for treason and execute by guillotine • Continued their war effort against growing enemies

  18. Reign of Terror • Even the French people feared the Jacobins • MaximilienRobespierrewill rise to power and sought to completely wipe out the past • Targeted the Church • Became the dictatorand began executinganyone that threatened his power • Nobodywas safe • 85%were “friends” of the Revolution

  19. End of Terror • Fellow revolutionariesfinally arrested and executedRobespierre on July 28, 1794 • Following the Terror, people abandonedthe idea of radical change and put the nobilityback in control • Bicamerallegislature • 5person executive body (the Directory)

  20. Warm-up #2 • What kind of government was created by the Constitution the National Assembly created? • Who was safe from the guillotine during the Reign of Terror? • What did the National Assembly do that angered the French peasants? • Who removed Robespierre from power? • Who took control of France following Robespierre’s death? • Constitutional monarchy • Nobody • Took away the Church’s land and ability to elect their own officials • His fellow revolutionaries • The nobles

  21. Section 3Napoleon Forges an Empire

  22. Taking Power • Born in 1769, Napoleon was raised to be a military leader • Promoted quickly when he protected the government (1795) • Soon after (1799), he seized an opening to take over (coup d’etat) • His resistance to Britain, Austria, and Russia led to him being recognized as the soul leader

  23. Ruling France • Using a plebiscite, or vote of the people, Napoleon became the sole leader under a new constitution • Kept many of the reforms of the revolution • Rebuilt the economy through fair taxes • Ended much of the corruptionin government • Established governmentrun schools (lycees) to train government employees

  24. Napoleonic Reforms • Responding to the people, he re-established a relationship with the Church (concordat) • Kept the Church out of political affairs • Created the Napoleonic Code • Uniform set of laws • Promoted order over liberty • His popularity led to him being crowned emperor in 1804 (symbolism of crowning himself)

  25. Napoleon’s Empire • Sought to expand • All of Europeand take back the Americas • Needed Haiti • A civil war fought by slaves had liberated Haiti 10 years earlier • France lost (disease) • After losing Haiti, Napoleon abandoned the Westand sold Louisianato the US in 1803 • Money, cut losses, anger/weaken Britain

  26. Focusing on Europe • Having had early successes, Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden joined against Napoleon • His bold/unpredictable strategy gave Napoleon the advantages initially • Britainwill be the only enemy left when Russia, Austria, and Prussiasign treaties

  27. Ruler of Europe • Initially Napoleon seemed unstoppable • In 1805, at the Battle of Trafalgar, the British navy destroyed Napoleon’s fleet at the Strait of Gibraltar • Granted the Britishnavalsupremacy for the 1800s • Napoleonhad to give up on England • By 1812, Napoleon controlled nearly all of Europe • The size was also the reason it was so difficult to maintain

  28. Warm-up #3 • What were some of Napoleon’s reforms? • What were the reasons for Napoleon selling Louisiana? • What were the consequences of the Battle of Trafalgar? • What word describes a vote of the people? • What institution did Napoleon compromise with after coming to power? • Government run schools, legal code, fairer taxes • Raise money, cut losses in America, anger/reduce the power of Britain • Napoleon gave up conquering Britain and naval supremacy • Plebiscite • The Church

  29. Section 4Napoleon’s Empire Collapses

  30. Mistake #1: ContinentalSystem • Napoleon tried to “starve” Britainby closing (blockade) all continental ports • Britain responded by creating its own blockade • Worked better because of their navy • Caused the US to declare war (War of 1812)

  31. Mistake #2: PeninsularWar • Trying to control Portugal, Napoleon angered Spaininto a 6 year war against peasantfighters (guerillas) • Used ambush tactics, which Napoleon could not fight • Britainjoined Spain • Napoleon’s actions renewed nationalistfeelings

  32. Mistake #3 (the big one):Russian Invasion • In 1812, Napoleon, angry at Russia’s refusal to obey the blockade against Britain, invaded Russia • Russian Czar, Alexander I, used a scorched-earth policy to prevent the French from getting anything (including Moscow) • When they started their retreat, the Russians picked them off • The French army went from 420,000 to 10,000

  33. Napoleon’s Downfall • Napoleon’s enemies seized their opening • He was able to raise an armyagain but they were untrained and lost easily • April 1814, Napoleon surrendered and was exiledto Elba

  34. 100 Days • Napoleon was replaced by the unpopular Louis XVIII • After escaping Elba and returning to France, Napoleon was welcomed by the people, who quickly joined his army • He was emperor again within days of landing • His final defeat came at Waterloo in June of 1815. This period of rule was known as the Hundred Days • He was exiled (for good) to St. Helena

  35. Warm-up #4 • What did Britain do in response to the Continental System? • What strategy did Czar Alexander I use to defeat Napoleon? • Name of the period where Napoleon returned to power in France. • Name of the conflict between Spain/Portugal and France during the reign of Napoleon. • They organized their own blockade • Scorched-earth policy • 100 days • Peninsular War

  36. Section 5Congress of Vienna

  37. Origins • Following Napoleon’s domination of Europe, leaders wanted peaceand stability. • A series of meetings will be held in Vienna, Austria • Most decisions will be made behind closed doors by the 5 “great powers” • Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France

  38. Klemensvon Metternich • Most influential person at the Congress • Princeof Austria • Felt that Napoleon’s example showed all the problems of democracy • Had 3 goals • Prevent Frenchaggression by weakeningFrance and strengtheningits neighbors • Balancethe powerof all nations • Restore the monarchies • Legitimacywas a principle that restored to power all the people removed by Napoleon

  39. Other Political Changes • While governments reverted to pre-Napoleon era, those governments were different from each other • Britain and France – Constitutional Monarchies • Central/East – conservative • Russia, Prussia, and Austria – absolute monarchs

  40. Conservative Europe • Many European leaders agreed to protect each other • Holy Alliance and Concert of Europe both protected member nations in the event of a revolution • Sought to turn back the French Revolution but it was too late

  41. Legacy of the Revolution • Latin Americannations who had tasted democracy were unwilling to surrender it back • The Congress of Vienna established a balance of power in European nations • Nationalismhad become a driving force for future revolutionsacross Europe and the Americas

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