Part I The Nature and Setting of Police Administration

1. 61 Part IThe Nature and Settingof Police Administration Chapter 3Police Administrationand Homeland Security Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

2. Learning Objectives • Define terrorism and the types of terrorism that exists today. • Examine the terrorist threats to the United States. • Know the various types of weapons of mass destruction. • Understand how homeland security is integrated into the police organization. • Apply the National Response Framework to local law enforcement. • Understand how the National Incident Management System operates during catastrophes. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

3. Introduction • September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in northern Virginia changed the American political landscape. • National security and the threat of terrorism have become the most prominent issues in American politics and did not subside as the preeminent issues until 2008 when the country entered into a deep recession. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

4. Introduction • National security and the threat of terrorism have become the most prominent issues in American politics and did not subside as the preeminent issues until 2008 when the country entered into a deep recession. • The 9/11 attacks resulted in new thinking at all levels of government. • This is the essence of homeland security: preparation for an attack that could come at any time, affect any number of targets, and result in untold casualties and damage to people and national infrastructure Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

5. What Is Homeland Security? 62 • The protection of people and assets within our national borders through preventive efforts • The response to a terrorist event by mitigating loss of life and damages • Four basic goals: • Prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks. • Protect the American people, critical infrastructure, and key resources. • Respond to and recover from incidents that do occur. • Continue to strengthen the foundation to ensure long-term success. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

6. The Role of Homeland Security 63 • Prevention and response to terrorism • Prevention, disruption, and protection against hazards • Mitigating and preventing social trends that disrupt the American way of life • Protecting the sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and critical infrastructure in the United States • Emphasizing process over outcomes for “Security UberAlles” (above all) Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

7. Defining Terrorism 65 • Federal Bureau of Investigation: The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce government, a civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives • U.S. Department of Defense: The calculated use of violence or threat of violence to inculcate fear, intended to coerce or intimidate governments or societies as to the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological • U.S. Department of State: Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetuated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience of political or social objectives. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

8. Commonalities in Definitions of Terrorism 65 • Terrorism involves premeditation. • Terrorists and their acts are motivated by all sorts of political agendas. • Generally, the terrorists’ targets are noncombatants or civilians, but not always. • Terrorist groups are generally sub-national or clandestine groups. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

9. Five Types of Terrorism 65 • State-sponsored terrorism: Acts that occur at the direction of the state or government • There are four countries currently listed by the Department of State as sponsors of state-sponsored terrorism: Iran, Syria, Sudan and Cuba. • Dissident terrorism: Using terrorist activities against a group’s own government • The Sri Lanka Tamil Tigers or the IRA are examples of this type of terrorism. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

10. Types of Terrorism 65 • Terrorists from the left and right: Rooted in political ideology, and it generally occurs in countries where one political philosophy dominates, generally in a repressive fashion, and ideological opponents fight to overthrow the government. • The KKK and Neo-Nazis are examples of right-wing groups; Earth • Liberation Front and Animal Liberation Front are examples of leftwing groups. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

11. Types of Terrorism 65 • Religious-motivated terrorism dominates the world stage, and it has been the primary motivational factor for world terrorism for the last decade. • There are other religious motivated groups beside the Muslim groups. • The problem with these types of groups is they are far more deadly and lethal than secular groups as they regard violence as a divine duty. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

12. Types of Terrorism 65 • Criminal Terrorism • Criminal terrorism refers to terrorist acts that are used to facilitate crime and criminal profits. • The best example is the drug cartels in Mexico. There is a fine line between criminal terrorists and terrorism. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

13. Terrorist Threats to the United States 67 • The primary threats to the United States come from two directions: • radical Islamic terrorists and • right-wingterrorist groups located in the United States. • Left-wing terrorism — sometimes called Marxist-Leninist terrorism or revolutionary/left-wing terrorism — is a set of tactics directed at the overthrow of capitalist governments and their replacement with Marxist-Leninist or socialist regimes Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

14. Terrorist Threats to the United States 67 • Right-wing terrorism draws its inspiration from a variety of ideologies and beliefs, including neo-fascism, neo-Nazism, racism and opposition to foreigners and immigration. Incidents of this type of terrorism have been sporadic with little or no international cooperation • The objective of right-wing terrorism is the overthrow existing governments and their replacement with nationalist or fascist-oriented governments Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

15. Terrorist Threats to the United States • Radical Islamic terrorists • The most visible group is Al Qaeda, responsible for the 9/11 attacks and the attack on the U.S.S. Cole. • There are over 53 anti-American terrorist groups, most of which are in Muslim countries. • Right-wing terrorist groups within the United States • Over 85 percent of law enforcement jurisdictions reported there were right-wing groups present in their jurisdictions. • The top two groups identified were anti-abortion perpetrators and white supremacists. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

16. Weapons of Mass Destruction 67 • Any explosive, incendiary, poison gas, bomb, grenade, or rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces • Any missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce • Poison gas • Any weapon involving a disease organism • Any weapon that is designed to release radiation at a level dangerous to human life • Terrorists’ ultimate goal is to obtain a WMD. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

17. Responsibilities of the Police Organization Homeland Security Unit 67 • It is incumbent upon police departments to establish a homeland security unit, or ensure that these tasks are assigned to a multi-task unit. • It would appear police departments are still focused primarily on traditional response mechanisms. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

18. Responsibilities of the Police Organization Homeland Security Unit 69 • Manage terrorist and homeland security information • Maintain a database on critical infrastructure databases • Maintain working relations with critical infrastructure owners, managers, and security personnel • Maintain liaison with state homeland security officials and federal intelligence agencies • Coordinate department responses to terrorist events • Identify homeland security training needs for the department • Conduct or coordinate homeland security related investigations • Monitor the readiness of the police department and other first responders in the event of a terrorist attack • Investigate terrorist attacks or activities Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

19. Officer Involvement in Homeland Security Activities 71 • Patrol • Criminal investigation • Crime analysis • Intelligence • Specialized tactical units (SWAT) including hostage negotiators • Community relations and community policing Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

20. Homeland Security and Public Education Programming 74 • Primary goal: to elicit support and information from the public regarding crime and terrorism matters or intelligence • Other goals: • Fear reduction • Reducing community tensions • Education programs must be able to train citizens in the following behaviors: know how to observe, know what is suspicious, know how to report, know what to report, know what happens next. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

21. Police Efforts to Safeguard Local Critical Infrastructure 75 • Identify critical infrastructure within community • Database allows department to comprehensively develop response plans • Focuses attention on areas that may be of interest to possible terrorists • Develop response plans should there be a terrorist attack or incident • The old adage “fail to plan, plan to fail” Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

22. Partnerships between Law Enforcement and Security Personnel to Protect Critical Infrastructure 76 • Police departments are encouraged to develop formal working relationships with private security firms • Improve joint responses to critical incidents • Coordinate infrastructure protection • Improve communications and data interoperability • Bolster information and intelligence sharing • Prevent and investigate high-tech crime • Devise responses to workplace violence Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

23. Responding to a Homeland Security Incident 78 • In order to make responses more uniform and effective, the Department of Homeland Security developed the National Response Framework • Responses to incidents are layered as a result of the local, state, and federal responses • Four-step preparation cycle • Department of Homeland Security also developed the National Incident Management System • Standardizes responses to critical incidents • Replaces uncertainty with efficiency and effectiveness Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

24. National Incident Management System 81 • NIMS was constructed by the Department of Homeland Security in an effort to standardize responses to critical incidents such as a terrorist attack. • There are five primary components to NIMS: preparedness, communications and information management, resource management, command and management, and ongoing management and maintenance. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

25. National Incident Management System 81 • Preparedness • NIMS should be integrated into agencies’ emergency operations and should include communications, resource management, and command and control. • Communications and Information Management • Ineffective communications was one of the most significant • problems for emergency personnel when responding to the World • Trade Centers on 9/11. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

26. National Incident Management System 81 • Resource Management • Logistical requirement must be identified as quickly as possible after an incident. Some resources must be available almost immediately. These resources include food, housing, and care for the responders. • After resource identification, the resources must be acquired. Some are available locally; some must be shipped from other locations. Having pre-planned agreements with various vendors will alleviate some of the administrative bottlenecks in securing these resources. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

27. Homeland Security and Intelligence and Police Departments 83 • The Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) is a national, multi-agency organization that has the responsibility of combating terrorist activities in the United States and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. • There are smaller “smart cells” located throughout the United States, staffed with highly trained, locally based investigators, analysts, linguists, and other specialists. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

28. Homeland Security and Intelligence and Police Departments 84 • Fusion Centers • Fusion centers are early warning centers consisting of partnerships between cities and counties and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. • Fusion centers are comprised of FBI agents, other federal law enforcement personnel, state and local police officials, and other public safety officials such as fire and medical emergency personnel. • The goal is to accumulate all the parties that may be involved in a terrorist attack, and to gain information from all the sources by which to develop strategies and response plans. Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

29. 85 Possible Participants In A Fusion Center • Agriculture, food, water, and the environment • Banking and finance • Chemical industry and hazardous materials • Criminal Justice • Education • Emergency services • Energy • Government • Health and public safety • Hospitality and lodging • Information and telecommunications • Military facilities and defense industrial base • Postal and Shipping • Private security • Public works • Real estate • Social services • Transportation Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security

30. Articles to Read • The Police Chief • The CompStat Process: Managing Performance on the Pathway to Leadership • Daniel DeLorenzi • The CompState Process: Four Principles for Managing Crime Reduction • Detective Jeff Godown Chapter 3 - Police Administration & Homeland Security