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Claim. Essay. Research. I claim that . Reason. I acknowledge these questions, objections, and alternatives, and I respond to them with these arguments. Evidence. .. b ecause of these reasons …. .. which based on this evidence …. Argumentative. March, 22 Yohan Hwang.
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Claim Essay Research I claim that .. Reason I acknowledge these questions, objections, and alternatives, and I respond to them with these arguments Evidence .. because of these reasons … .. which based on this evidence … Argumentative March, 22 Yohan Hwang
Arguable or Not Arguable? • Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania. • Emissions hurt the ozone. • Ice-cream causes a sugar-high. • Not arguable • ESL 015 should be required for the international students. • PSU is the best school in the district. • Chocolate ice cream is better than vanilla. • Arguable
Brainstorming • Chart Topic: Should an ESL 015 course be required for the international students?
Introduction • Get the attention of the audience • Attention Getter or Hook • Provide background information to orient the reader to the issue • What does the reader need to know about this issue? • Create a thesis statement or assertion to guide the reader
Counter-argument • Address the case of the opposition • Several paragraphs at the beginning or woven throughout the paper • Concede points which can not be refuted • Use signal words and phrases such as Admittedly, While it is true that etc. • Offer refutation for claims which can be countered • Use signal words and phrases such as It has been argued, However etc.
Body Paragraphs • Provide a clear topic sentence for each paragraph • Use concrete Detail, commentary or statement, evidence, explanation, data • Address the opposition • Build to the strongest argument • Use a variety of appeals • Demonstrate logic and reasoning
Conclusion • Restate your main premise • Provide a brief summary of your argument • Explain what might happen if your idea is not accepted • End with a rhetorical question • Ask for a call to action
What is an Argumentative Essay? The purpose of an argumentative essay is to organize and present your well-reasoned conclusions in order to persuade the audience to accept—or at least seriously consider—your point of view.
How do we do this? • Persuasion is everywhere. • I am blind, Please help. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8bm2llxxjU
Pathos • Emotional appeal • Persuades the audience by using emotions • Vivid images or descriptions • Emotional language • Pathosvs. No Pathos • Today, an innocent teenager was tragically shot and died in his sobbing mother’s arms. • David Johnson, 18, died today in a shooting accident.
Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle Pathos Logos Ethos
Logos • Logical appeal • Evidence and the reasoning based on that evidence such as Definitions, statistics, examples from history • Logos vs. No Logos • All people are mortal • I am immortal • According to the Internet Movie Database (IMDB) 8.9 of 10 people loved the movie “Inception” • Everyone loved the movie “Inception”
Ethos • Ethical appeal • the credibility or trustworthiness that you establish in your writing • Ethos vs. No Ethos • As your doctor, I must inform you that if you do not stop smoking, you are putting yourself at risk for cancer • As your hairdresser, I must inform you that if you do not stop smoking, you are putting yourself at risk for cancer
Critical Reading Questions 1. What’s the purpose of the ad? 2. What visual elements does the ad use? 3. Who is the audience for this ad? 4. What reaction is the ad trying to elicit? 5. Is the ad employing ethos, pathos, logos, or some combination of the methods?
