AVANT-GARDE Mars Transfer Vehicle Mission

1. AVANT-GARDEMars Transfer Vehicle Mission Brian Carter Zarrin Chua Anthony Consumano Thomas Horn Jan Kaniewski Brian Williams Mike Wolfner

2. Overview • General Introduction - Historical Perspective - Current Trends • Problem Definition - AIAA Request for Proposal (RFP) - Project Requirements & Constraints • Value System Design - Objective Hierarchy - Objective Priority • Functional subdivisions • System Hierarchy & Subsystem interaction • Possible approaches • Project Timeline/Future Planning • Summary

3. Notable Excursions to Mars A Historical Perspective

4. Background • Since 1960, there have been 37 missions to Mars • Roughly two-thirds of all missions to Mars fail: Earth-Mars “Bermuda Triangle” • Majority of missions are from US or the former Soviet Union, with recent explorations by Europe, Japan, and Canada.

5. Mariner 4 • Performed first fly by of Mars on July 14 and July 15 of 1965 • Perform atmospheric scientific observations; orbital photographs • Measure particle & field measurements for interplanetary travel [1]

6. Series of unmanned landers & orbiters launched in the early 1970s Each consisted of an orbiter & attached lander First human artifacts to land on Mars Mars 2 completed 362 orbits and Mars 3 completed only 20 Combined both probes sent 60 highly detailed photographs of the surface Both Mars 2 and Mars 3 were declared lost after a time span of about 20 seconds on the surface Soviet Mars Program [2]

7. Consisted of two unmanned space missions (Viking 1 and Viking 2) designed to photograph the Martian surface and land a payload to the surface for observational investigations Viking 1 was launched on August 20, 1975 and Viking 2 on September 9, 1975 Most detailed photos to date taken from Viking crafts Used as standard Martian information until late 1990s/early 2000s Lost contact with Viking 1 orbiter in 1980, lander in 1982; contact lost with Viking 2 orbiter in 1978, lander in 1980 The Viking Program [25]

8. US Spacecraft to mark return to Mars after 20 year absence Launched in 1996 it completed its primary mission in 2001 and has entered into its extended phase through 2008 Surveyor first spacecraft to use aerobraking to enter Martian orbit NASA lost contact with orbiter on November 5, 2006 Primary mission was to investigate surface and atmosphere with orbital camera, altimeter, thermal emission spectrometer, and magnetometer Mars Global Surveyor [26]

9. Pathfinder launched on December 4, 1996 intended for ancient flood plain in northern hemisphere Pathfinder’s rover Sojourner traveled few meters around lander to photograph & investigate surroundings Final transmission sent in September 1997 totaling 16,500 images from lander & 550 from Sojourner Odyssey launched on April 7, 2001 with the primary mission to search for evidence of past or present water as well as volcanic activity Primary mission has been extended until 2008 and Odyssey currently acts as the primary relay between Earth and the rovers Spirit & Opportunity Mars Pathfinder & Mars Odyssey [27]

10. The Mars Rovers • Launched in June & July of 2003, the rovers Spirit and Opportunity’s primary mission is to investigate Martian surface • Originally designed for 3 months lifetime, the rovers have been operating for 3 years and funding has been provided to extend program until late 2007 • Considered to be most successful Mars mission to date [3]

11. NASA Multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit Launched August 12, 2005 and attaining Martian orbit on March 10, 2006 Scientific payload includes most advanced observational equipment sent to Mars to date Acting as primary communication between Rovers and other orbiting spacecraft and Earth Designed to act as guide to future missions to Mars including manned flights Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter [28]

12. Current Trends in Spaceflight What will the next 50 years bring us?

13. Overview [29] • Since the decommissioning of the Apollo program, mankind has been languishing in Earth Orbit, no human getting farther than 400 miles from the surface of the earth. • In the past 3 years, two separate events have revitalized the space industry • America’s renewed pledge to manned exploration • The founding of the private space flight industry

14. George W. Bush’s Mars Initiative • In the wake of the Columbia tragedy, President Bush mandated a new direction for NASA, and outlined 4 directives • Develop a new spacecraft to replace the shuttle, which is retiring in 2010 • Complete the ISS by 2010 • Go back to the moon by 2020 • Land a man on Mars by 2030 • To accomplish this, G.W.B. is increasing NASA’s budget, as well as reallocating NASA funding towards these directives [4] [5]

15. Privatized Space Flight • While America takes the lead on manned exploration, private companies will set out to truly conquer space. • Many private companies are beginning to realize the immense profits available in space, and are making plans on how to get there [6]

16. Problem Definition RFP Requirements & Constraints Elements & Subsystems

17. Request for Proposal (RFP) • Mission Statement: A new exploration transportation system must be developed to support delivery of crew and cargo from the surface of the Earth to Mars and to return the crew safely to be ready by 2028 • Mission Objectives (1) to extend the search for life and understand the history of the solar system (2) to expand the frontiers of human exploration (3) to advance U.S. scientific and technological capabilities. • How will it be judged? • Technical content 35 pts • Organization and presentation 20 pts • Originality 25 pts • Practical application and feasibility 25 pts

18. Requirements and Constraints • Transport crew and payload from LEO to Martian surface and return crew and payload to Earth • Transport a minimum of 4 crew members • Transport a minimum of 500 kg payload (in addition to crew) and return a minimum of 100kg to Earth • MTV shall provide habitation and life support systems for 18 months • MTV will have the capability to conduct surface Extra- Vehicular Activities (EVAs) for a minimum of 2 crew • MTV program shall support a minimum flight rate capability of 1 human exploration mission every 2 years

19. Crew transfer vehicle Habitation module Mars ascent/descent vehicle Orbital, interplanetary, and Martian landing/ take-off propulsion systems Thermal protection Life support Propellant and power subsystem Navigation and control Communications Radiation shielding subsystem Earth landing/recovery subsystem Crew safety subsystem Vehicle health monitoring subsystem Elements and Subsystems

20. Value System Design Objective Hierarchy List of Priorities

21. Best Mars Transfer Vehicle Performance Cost and Problems Lifetime of Survivability Years $$ Production Cost Crew Capacity Number of Crew Over Time Launch Cost $$ Kg Payload Capacity Mass Propellant Cost Days $$ Lifetime Habitat Sustainability Probability of safe operation Safety Launch Vehicle Cost $$ Kg Consumption Operation Cost $$ EVA Activity EVA Missions (number of) Fail Safety Fail rate (λ ) Transfer Orbit and Landing Accuracy Landing Error (m) Transfer Orbit Error (m) To Maximize Flight Rate Measurement Unit To Minimize Number of Missions per 2 years

22. OH Design and List of Priorities • Objective Hierarchy is a diagram based upon the Needs, Alterables and Constraints (NAC) list • Objectives are defined and their measures linked with the respective unit of measure • Shows an overview of objectives and how to satisfy each objective by the defined measures • Quantitative Matrix method may be derived from OH • Main Priorities • Safety • Mission Success Rate • Habitat Sustainability • Flight Rate • Medium Priorities • EVA Activity • Transfer Orbit and Landing Accurately • Crew and Payload Capacity • Operations Cost • Lower Priorities • Other Costs • Complexity • Debris

23. Functional Subdivisions A detailed look into the various subdivisions of the Avant-Garde project

24. Structures Thomas Horn Jan Kaniewski Mike Wolfner

25. Structures • Structures concerns itself with the overarching design of the spacecraft. • The Structures group must build a spacecraft to get to Mars and back, while incorporating the subsystems associated with the other subdivisions [7]

26. Responsibilities of Structures • Habitat Module • Ascent/Descent Module • Launch Vehicle • Transit Vehicle [8] [9] [10] [11]

27. Propulsion and Power Brian Carter Brian Williams

28. Propulsion • The propulsion system has two primary functions: 1. Achieve orbit 2. Produce a certain ΔV • A propulsion system consists of a power source, mechanism to generate thrust, and the controls needed to stabilize the craft under the generative force [12]

29. Power • The electrical system needed to supply sufficient energy to all components of the spacecraft • Four methods of supplying power to the spacecraft • Photovoltaic • Static • Dynamic • Fuel Cells [32] [33]

30. Dynamics and Control Mike Wolfner Zarrin Chua

31. Orbits and Trajectory • The study and determination of a vehicle’s path through space based on physical limitations and mission constraints [17] • Responsibilities include: • Establishing a relationship between mission performance and orbit selection to best accomplish the mission goals • Develop concepts for orbit determination and maintenance • Design the ΔV budget • Complete an orbit design trade study

32. Attitude Determination and Control System • Determining a spacecraft’s attitude in space and orienting it in a specific direction through the use of a control system • Responsibilities include: • Examine mission requirements to determine required accuracies • Quantify the disturbance torques • Study, select, and develop systems for ADCS • Develop control algorithms [37] [38]

33. Entry, Descent, Landing • EDL is the phase of flight beginning at the atmospheric entry point and ending at surface touchdown • Possible EDL approaches • Parachute deploy (MERs) • Autonomous landing system (NASA or ESA) • Apollo-era landing • Aerobraking [30] [18]

34. Communications, Command and Data Handling Brian Williams Anthony Consumano

35. Communications • Select low gain antennas for short range communications • Wire antennas • Horn antennas • Select high gain antennas for deep space communications • Reflector antennas • Phased array antennas • Select receivers and transmitters • Determine needed transmitter power, data rate and broadcast frequency [19]

36. Select on-board computer with needed processing power and power consumption Crucial for spacecraft control and communication Interface with all spacecraft subsystems Monitor hardware health Must be able to interpret and execute commands Select or develop needed operational software Software depends on complexity of spacecraft and mission Develop telemetry modulation and transmission system Provide spacecraft health and status information to ground Command and Data Handling [40]

37. Thermal and Environment Anthony Consumano Jan Kaniewski Thomas Horn

38. Thermal • Protect vital components from temperature variations • Heating systems • Localized heaters • Insulations • Coatings • Major issues protecting during launch and ascent phases • Heat dissipation • Cooling systems • Spray cool technology • Radiators • Conveyor belt idea moves heat away from components [34] [35]

39. Spacecraft protection from outside sources and harsh environment Radiation affects on spacecraft and humans Orbital debris Plasma (ionized gas) causes arching Magnetic fields Climate control for vital instruments Protective coatings on outside of spacecraft Spacecraft in LEO will experience gravity torques from Earth Gravity gradient is a passive method to restore spacecraft stabilization Solar flares and effects on communications Environment [36]

40. Human Factors Jan Kaniewski

41. Human… • Human Factors is an umbrella term covering Human-Environment interface • Dual Term: Ergonomics • It covers several areas of research including human performance, technology, design, and human-computer interaction • Key concerns lie in • Safety • Sustainability • Efficiency • For long term Mars presence several environment factors become important for success of missions and future objectives [24]

42. …Factors • Concerns in detail with: • workload, fatigue and stress, situational awareness, user interface, usability, human performance and reliability, control, display designs, safety, working in extreme environments, human error and decision making • In long duration space environments, Biosphere research becomes increasingly involved [21] [22]

43. Autonomy Zarrin Chua

44. Autonomy • Autonomy needed to relieve operator workload • Apollo missions used autonomy extensively during landing sequence • Programs 66 & 67 for manual landing • Current autonomy limited by state of sensors and actuators [31]

45. System Hierarchy Subsystem Relationships

46. Dynamics & Control Human Factors Command, Communications & Data Handling Autonomy System Solution (Mission to Mars) Propulsion & Power Structures Environmental Cost Analysis

47. Dynamics & Control Human Factors Command, Communications & Data Handling Autonomy System Solution (Mission to Mars) Landing Sequence Propulsion & Power Structures Thermal/Radiation protection Type of Propellant Environmental Cost Analysis

48. Dynamics & Control Human Factors Command, Communications & Data Handling Autonomy System Solution (Mission to Mars) Type of trajectory Propulsion & Power Structures Propellant Mass Propellant Type Environmental Cost Analysis

49. Dynamics & Control Human Factors Orientation Command, Communications & Data Handling Level of Autonomy Autonomy System Solution (Mission to Mars) Propulsion & Power Structures Electronics Housing Environmental Cost Analysis

50. Dynamics & Control Human Factors ΔV, trajectory Command, Communications & Data Handling Autonomy Flight speed System Solution (Mission to Mars) ΔV, trajectory Propulsion & Power Structures Environmental Cost Analysis