BAHAN- BAHAN KAJIAN SISTEM PERTANIAN BERBASIS KEUNGULAN KOMPARATIF SDA

1. BAHAN- BAHAN KAJIAN SISTEM PERTANIAN BERBASIS KEUNGULAN KOMPARATIF SDA

2. Agricultural science Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences, that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture.

3. Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research. Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based agriculture. Agronomyis the science of utilizing plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber. To do this effectively and in a sustainable manner, agronomy encompasses work in the areas of plant biology, plant genetics, plant physiology, ecology, chemistry, meteorology, earth science and soil science.

4. Agricultureis the production of food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic growing/harvesting of plants, animals and other life forms. A farm is an area of land, including various structures, devoted primarily to the practice of farming, the production and management of food produce. Farms may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, or community, or by a corporation or company. A farm can be a holding of any size from a fraction of a hectare to several thousand hectares. The term farmingcovers a wide spectrum of agricultural production work.

5. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality Production techniques Theoretical production ecology Agricultural sciences Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects Food production and demand on a global basis

6. Kompetensi siswa, hasil pembelajaran di sekolah-sekolah Bahan kajian: Ilmu-ilmu Pertanian AGRO-BOTANY (Plant Sciences) AGRO-ECOLOGY Entre-preneur-ship Leader-ship learning Scientific Methods AGRO-ECO-TECHNOLOGY Research & Development AGRO-ECONOMY AGRO-SOCIOLOGY INTERNSHIP: ………. SKRIPSI (BY RESEARCH) UJIAN KOMPETENSI SARJANA

7. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Agricultural philosophy Agricultural education Agricultural soil science Agricultural engineering Agricultural Disciplines: Agri-cultural economics Agronomy Agricultural policy Agricultural chemistry Agro-ecology

8. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Agro-physics - chemistry Climate change and agriculture Green residues Bio-diversity Agro-ecology Natural resources Composting Recycling Agro-Ecosystem Wastes management Sustainable agriculture

9. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Biology - Biotechnology Plant physiology Meteorology & Climatology Agronomy is the science of utilizing plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber. Agro-ecology Chemistry Plant genetics & breeding Agriculture soil science. Earth science

10. Sustainable agriculture Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmentalstewardship, farmprofitability, and prosperous farmingcommunities. Sustainable agriculture refers to the ability of a farm to produce food indefinitely, without causing irreversible damage to ecosystem health. Two key issues are biophysical (the long-term effects of various practices on soil properties and processes essential for crop productivity) and socio-economic (the long-term ability of farmers to obtain inputs and manage resources such as labor). Practices that can cause long-term damage to soil include excessive tillage (leading to erosion) and irrigation without adequate drainage (leading to accumulation of salt in the soil). Any crops also depend on soilnutrients and the availability of water. When farmers grow and harvest crops, they remove some of these nutrients from the soil. Without replenishment, the land would suffer from nutrient depletion and be unusable for further farming. Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use of non-renewable resources, such as natural gas (used in converting atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic fertilizer), or mineral ores (e.g., phosphate).

11. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS environmental stewardship SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental stewardship, farm profitability, and prosperous farming communities. prosperous farming communi-ties farm profit-ability Sustainable agriculture refers to the ability of a farm to produce food indefinitely, without causing irreversible damage to ecosystem health. Two key issues are biophysical (the long-term effects of various practices on soil properties and processes essential for crop productivity) and socio-economic (the long-term ability of farmers to obtain inputs and manage resources such as labor).

12. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS the role of agricul-ture in develop-ment Development, economic growth and equity Issues in Development Theories of Development AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT Household-firm models. Agricultural development theories Surplus labor Transform-ing traditional agriculture: land and labor Technological change Rational peasants

13. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Agronomy: Application of plant science to crop production Phytopathology: Plant diseases Economic botany: The place of plants in economics Ethnobotany: Relationship between humans and plants Palynology: Pollen and spores AGRO-BOTANY: PLANT SCIENCE Botany is the scientific study of plant life; it is also called plant science(s), phytology, or plant biology. Horticulture: Cultivated plants Plant anatomy: Cell and tissue structure Plant morphology: Structure and life cycles Plant physiology: Life functions of plants Plant ecology: Role of plants in the environment Forestry: AGRO-Forest management and related studies Plant genetics Genetic inheritance in plants Plant systematics: Classification and naming of plants Phytochemistry: Plant secondary chemistry and chemical processes

14. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas TANAH HARA/ PUPUK AIR MEDIA TUMBUH TANAMAN GROWTH FACTORS GROWTH SUBSTANCES TANAH-AIR-TANAMAN

15. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas The environment and crop production systems Relationship of pesticides to Crop Productivity and to Mankind Environ-mental Factors Influencing Crop Performance CROP ENVIRONMENT Farming systems and their biological components Crop Quality - Environment Relationship Trends in population growth and food supply

16. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas Soil preparation AGRO-TEHNOLOGY (Agriculture Technology) An innovative technology designed to render agricultural production more efficient and profitable. Harvesting and crop processing Factors in cropping The effects of pollution The factor of weather Regional variations in technique

17. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS IPM: PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPT PESTICIDE PERFORMANCE AND APPLICATION INSECT MANA-GEMENT INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT COMPETENCY AREAS HEALTH, SAFETY, & ENVIRONMENT STEWARDSHIP CROP DISEASEMANAGEMENT WEED MANAGEMENT

18. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Econometrics International trade Agribusiness Food safety & nutrition International Development Community and rural development Agricultural economics: applied the principles of economics to the production of crops Production economics Policy analysis Analysis of markets and competition Risk and uncertainty Marketing of agricultural products Labor economics Consumer behavior and household economics Natural resource & environmental economics Rural sociology

19. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Information technology management Accounting Management in AGRO The study of the efficient and effective operation of a business is called management. The main branches of management are financia management, marketing management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, service management, information technology management, and business intelligence Project management Agri-Economics Agri-Finance Agric. Production Marketing Agri-Business law Inter-national trade Agri-Business Human resource management Business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business Corporate leaders

20. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Rural sociology Rural sociology is a field of sociology associated with the study of social life in non-metropolitan areas. It is the scientific study of social arrangements and behaviour amongst people distanced from points of concentrated population or economic activity. Like any sociological discipline, rural sociology involves the examination of statistical data, interviews, social theory, observation, survey research, and many other techniques. Rural exodus Diffusion of innovations Types of rural communities Role homo-geneity Agri-business Rural community develop-ment

21. Agroecology Agroecology is the science of applying ecological concepts and principles to the design, development, and management of sustainable agricultural systems. Agroecology is the science of sustainable agriculture; the methods of agroecology have as their goal achieving sustainability of agricultural systems balanced in all spheres. This includes the socio-economic and the ecological or environmental.

22. Ecology Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation (sunlight), climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.

23. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Ecophysiology and Behavioral ecology examine adaptations of the individual to environment Community ecology (or synecology) focuses on the interactions between species within an ecological community. Population ecology studies the dynamics of populations of a single species. Disciplines of ecology Ecology is a broad discipline comprising many sub-disciplines. Systems ecology is an interdisciplinary field focusing on the study, development, and organization of ecological systems from a holistic perspective. Ecosystem ecology studies the flows of energy and matter through the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Landscape ecology examines processes and relationship across multiple ecosystems or very large geographic areas.

24. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS integrated farming systems collect and understand farm information satisfying customer needs knowing your markets financial instruments knowing your products Agribusiness In agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term that refers to the various businesses involved in food production, including farming, seed supply, agrichemicals, farm machinery, wholesale and distribution, processing, marketing, and retail sales. crop sequencing / crop rotation water use efficiency knowing your customers nutrient audits herbicide / pesticides resistance / pest management cost of servicing debt securing an acceptable profit margin management of machinery and stewardship investments. ability to earn and access off-farm income

25. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Biological engineering Improve yield from crops Increased nutritional qualities of food crops Reduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals Biotechnology Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. Improved taste, texture or appearance of food Production of novel substances in crop plants Reduced vulnerability of crops to environmental stresses Bioremediation and Biodegradation

26. BUSINESS In economics, “business” is the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing particular creative and productive goals, usually to generate profit. The etymology of "business" refers to the state of being busy, in the context of the individual as well as the community or society. In other words, to be busy is to be doing commercially viable and profitable work.

27. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Agriculture policy concerns Bio security Poverty reduction Agricultural policy Agricultural policy describes a set of laws relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets. Outcomes can range from guaranteed supply level, price stability, product quality, product selection, land use or employment. Basic policy tools Developed world cases Objectives of market intervention World Trade Organization Actions Arguments against market intervention

28. Retailers and Distributors act as middle-men in getting goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumer, generating a profit as a result of providing sales or distribution services. Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and typically generate a profit by charging for labor or other services provided to government, other businesses or consumers. Agriculture businesses are concerned with the production of raw material, such as plants or animal. Information businesses generate profits primarily from the resale of intellectual property . Business In economics, a business is a legally recognized organizational entity existing within an economically free country designed to provide goods and/or services to consumers. The term "business" has at least three usages: the singular usage (a particular company or corporation), the generalized usage (refer to a particular market sector), the broadest meaning (all activity by the community of suppliers of goods and services). Utilities produce public services, such as heat, electricity, or sewage treatment, and are usually government chartered. Manufacturers produce products, from raw materials, which they then sell at a profit. Financial businesses include banks that generate profit through investment and management of capital. Transportation businesses deliver goods from location to location, generating a profit on the transportation cost

29. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS plant breeding crop rotation Agronomists today are involved with many issues including producing food, creating healthier food, managing environmental impacts, and creating energy from plants. Agronomists often specialize in areas such as: insect and pest control Fertilizer & soil fertility Agricul-ture soil science weed control and other areas …... Irrigation and drainage

30. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Advertising and Branding Industrial marketing Events Organization Strategic Management Marketing Marketing is a societal process that is needed to discern consumers' wants; focusing on a product/service to those wants, and to mold the consumers toward the products/services. The marketing teams (Marketers) have the task to create the consumer awareness of the products/services through marketing techniques. Database Marketing Market Research Internet Marketing Search Engine Marketing Public Relations International Marketing Direct Marketing Communications

31. Marketing A market-focused (or customer-focused) organization first determines what its potential customers desire, and then builds the product or service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a product or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit. Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management). Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over. The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the product/service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments.

32. MARKETING For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for it. Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory. Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

33. Farm A farm is an area of land, including various structures, devoted primarily to the practice of farming, the production and management of food, either produce or livestock (also ranching). It is the basic production facility in food production. Farms may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, or community, or by a corporation or company. A farm can be a holding of any size from a fraction of a hectare to several thousand hectares. A market garden or truck farm is a farm that raises vegetables, but little or no grain. Additional specialty farms include fish farms, which raise fish in captivity as a food source, and tree farms, which grow trees for sale for transplant, lumbering, or decorative use. A plantation is usually a large farm or estate, on which cotton, tobacco, coffee, or sugar cane, are cultivated, usually by resident laborers.

34. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Collective farming Farming The term farming covers a wide spectrum of agricultural production work. The goal of farming was to create a profit, and to produce an amount of cultivated PLANTS. The resulting harvest has more worth than the cost of planting . The costs could include the acquisition of seeds as well as the time and energy required to tend to such a venture. The resulting product is often used to sustain those who farm as both a food to eat and a commodity to sell. An increase in the price of food that occurs as a result of increased demand from human consumption and use as an alternative energy. Types of farming: Factory farming Vertical farming Intensive farming Organic farming Integrated farrming

35. ASSESSMENT OF COMPETENCY AREAS Scientific Communications in Agriculture Knowledge Management in Agriculture Digital Communications in Agriculture Communicating Agriculture to the Public AGRICULTURE COMMUNICATION Web Design in Agricultural Sciences Video Production in Agriculture Development of Agricultural Publications

36. Institutional memory is a collective of facts, concepts, experiences and know-how held by a group of people. Corporate culture: the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization. Corporate Memory (CM) can be defined as the total body of data, information and knowledge required to deliver the strategic aims and objectives of an organization. Social institution Institutions are structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals. Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative human behavior. S.I. is a group of social positions, connected by social relations, performing a social role. Knowledge Management ('KM') comprises a range of practices used by organisations to identify, create, represent, and distribute knowledge. Institutional knowledge is gained by organizations translating historical data into useful knowledge and wisdom

37. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas Scientific method Philosophy of science Etymology SCIENCE Science in the broadest sense, refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In a more restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research. Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines: Natural sciences, which study natural phenomena (including biological life), and Social sciences, which study human behavior and societies. Mathematics & the scientific method Scientific institutions Media & scientific publication Scientific literature Fields of science Ethics and science

38. Scientific Method Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

39. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS Observation. A constant feature of scientific inquiry, observation includes both unconditioned observations (prior to any theory) as well as the observation of the experiment and its results. Control. Actively and fairly sampling the range of possible occurrences, whenever possible and proper, as opposed to the passive acceptance of opportunistic data, is the best way to control or counterbalance the risk of empirical bias. Description. Information derived from experiments must be reliable, i.e., replicable (repeatable), as well as valid (relevant to the inquiry). The basic Elements of Scientific- Method: Prediction. Information must be valid for observations past, present, and future of given phenomena, i.e., purported "one shot" phenomena do not give rise to the capability to predict, nor to the ability to repeat an experiment. Time-order relationship. The hypothesized causes must precede the observed effects in time. Identification of causes. Identification of the causes of a particular phenomenon to the best achievable extent. For cause-and-effect relationship to be established, the following must be established: Covariation of events. The hypothesized causes must correlate with observed effects. However, correlations between events or variables are not necessarily indicative of causation.

40. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies that test these hypotheses for accuracy. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many hypotheses together in a coherent structure. This in turn may assist in the formation of new hypotheses, as well as in placing groups of hypotheses into a broader context of understanding.

41. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas Formation of the topic Hypo-thesis RESEARCH re·search: a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding. Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a harnessing of curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of humans. Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. The following steps are usually part of most formal research : Conceptual definitions Conclusion, iteration if necessary Test, revising of hypothesis Operational definitions Gathering of data Analysis of data

42. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas TECHNOLOGY Technology is a broad concept that deals with a species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. In human society, it is a consequence of science and engineering, although several technological advances predate the two concepts. A strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: "construction technology", “agriculture tehnology”, "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology". Role in human history Technology and philosophy Theories and concepts in technology Economics of technology Definition and usage Science, engineering and technology

43. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT The phrase research and development (R&D), refers to "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications”.In an industry that is fast changing, firms must continually revise their design and range of products. This is necessary due to continuous technology change and development as well as other competitors and the changing preference of customers. A system driven by marketing is one that puts the customer needs first, and only produces goods, which are known to sell. Market research is carried out, which establishes what is needed. If the development is technology driven then it is a matter of selling what it is possible to make. The product range is developed so that production processes are as efficient as possible and the products are technically superior, hence possessing a natural advantage in the market place.

44. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas Knowledge Management (KM): Building Communities of Practice and Using Technology to Foster Collaboration and Teamwork within Organizations. Spatial-Visual Data and Tools in the Applied AGRICUL-TURAL Sciences Information Technology and Society—the Promise and Reality. I.C.T. Transforming Data into Knowledge for Decision-making: Non-spatial and Statistical Data, Databases, and Application Tools. Executive Communications: ICT (Information and Communications Technology) for Leaders, Consultants, and Advocates. Systems Thinking and Dynamic Modeling in Decision-Science

45. What is Undergraduate Research ? An inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate student that makes an original, intellectual, or creative contribution to the discipline Research contributes to an expansion of knowledge through inquiry, investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery of facts, theories, or laws. Undergraduate research requires an educational collaboration between students and faculty members. Research experiences may be initiated by students who seek out faculty supervision for their projects or by faculty members who involve undergraduate students in their research teams. Research can culminate in a written or oral presentation as a means of making the body of academic knowledge or creative exploration accessbile to other investigators in the field, as well as to the general public.

46. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether it is the answer to a hypothesis or even a simple question, research is successful when we find answers. Sometimes the answer is no, but it is still an answer. SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of procedures and steps which you will follow. There are certain things in the research process which are always done in order to get the most accurate results. Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS. ORGANIZED in that there is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope. QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer is of no use. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question, research has no focus, drive, or purpose

47. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas • Applied research is designed to help solve particular, existing problems so there is a much larger audience eager to support research that is likely to be profitable or solve problems of immediate concern. • Much agriculture research on plant breeding with considerable impact is a good example. • Basic research is designed to advance knowledge with no application to existing problems in view. • Basic research in any field is usually borrowed from other subject disciplines. • The Importance of Research • in • Decision-Making • Consider how we make decisions: • Randomly; Intuition • Mystical guidance • Hear-say; Authority • Evidence gathered by another • Evidence gathered by self or colleagues • Decisions are made by managers every day. • Ideally, such decisions would be made on the basis of evidence thoughtfully and appropriately gathered. • The more important the decisions and their impact, the more important the research becomes. • If you use evidence gathered by others, research methods experience and knowledge is useful because it gives you rules or guidelines helpful in evaluating the quality and utility of evidence gathered by another.

48. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas The need for good knowledge • What is good knowledge? • 1. Objective • 2. Replicable (repeatable) • 3. Communicable The VALUE of Research • How can research produce good knowledge? • A. Addressing the problem of measuring variables • B. Internal validity • C. External validity • How you will benefit from knowing how to do good research. • As a psychologist: Research is the source of psychological knowledge and although the content of psychology changes, the methods stay the same. • As an educated person, knowing about research will give you the ability to: collect data that will answer questions; Analyze and attack problems; and Communicate your approach to a problem and your conclusions. • C. As someone who may be entering the workforce, the ability to collect, analyze, think about, and communicate about data will probe very marketable and useful in today's information age.

49. BUSINESS • A commercial activity engaged in as a means of livelihood or profit, or an entity which engages in such activities.

50. ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas 4: Business Organization 3: Computer Tools 2: The Business Plan 1: Evaluating Business Potential 5: Licenses & Permits • 6: Business Insurance • 14: Inter-national Trade • HOW TO START • A BUSINESS • ? 7: Location and Leasing 13: Expanding and Problems 8:  Account-ing and Cash Flow 12: Opening and Marketing 10: E-Commerce Business 11: Buying a Business or Franchise 9:  How to Finance Your Business