1 / 29

CmpE 25 9/13/2011 – 9/15/2011

CmpE 25 9/13/2011 – 9/15/2011. Problems with Laws. Laws traditionally control through financial impact and/or confinement. Companies and individuals can be made to suffer financial impact for violation of laws. Individuals can suffer confinement for violation of laws.

tadita
Télécharger la présentation

CmpE 25 9/13/2011 – 9/15/2011

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CmpE 25 9/13/2011 – 9/15/2011

  2. Problems with Laws • Laws traditionally control through financial impact and/or confinement. • Companies and individuals can be made to suffer financial impact for violation of laws. • Individuals can suffer confinement for violation of laws. • Technology evolves at a much faster rate than Laws evolve.

  3. Problems with Laws • Laws often rely on physical boundaries as part of control. • For example customs stations at boarder crossings.

  4. Four areas that are often the focus of government control • Censorship of mass communications • Tax • Gambling • Pornography

  5. No simple answers • For each of these focus areas there are no simple answers. • What answers we have in one area often contradict answers in other areas.

  6. Censorship • Traditionally governments will place some restrictions on what information is communicated. • For many years the only methods of mass communications have been newspapers, TV and radio.

  7. Censorship • What is common about newspapers, TV and Radio?

  8. Censorship • Newspapers, TV and Radio are generally in business to make money or at least not lose money. • Financial pressure is therefore an effective means of control. • All of these businesses mass markets are proportional to the size of the business. • Local stations only have a limited audience. • There are only a finite number of these businesses.

  9. Censorship • Censorship is generally not 100%. • It is difficult to stop everything. • There are many different ways of expressing the same ideas or emotion by using different words. • Examples of the can be said on TV. • Getting closer to 100% is very costly. • Example censorship of mail during wartime. • Almost 15,000 censors were used to censor US military mail in 1943. • WGBH American Experience . War Letters . Censorship! | PBS • www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/.../warletters-censorship/

  10. Censorship • Technology has changed mass communications. • Almost everyone is capable of delivering a message to the world. • To control mass communications is no longer simply controlling a small number of mass media outlets. • The Technology of mass communications is so closely tied to modern life that is almost impossible to stop.

  11. Censorship • In January 2011 Egypt cuts access to the internet. • How Was Egypt's Internet Access Shut Off?: Scientific American • www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=egypt-internet-mubarak – Cached • Within a week service was restored. • The shut down never stopped dial-up access however.

  12. Censorship • Efforts within China • Economic pressure on service providers. • Economic pressure on search engines. • Army of people manually filtering. • Somewhat effective but never an absolute control of communications. • At what price can mass communications be controlled?

  13. Censorship • Technology has raised the bar on the costs of censorship. • As more people have multiple ways of doing mass communicating the cost of censorship will raise. • Censorship attempts will continue.

  14. Sales Tax • Why has internet sales become an issue?

  15. Sales Tax • The US Supreme Court ruled that for sales tax to be collected there needed to be a “Nexus” between the location where the transaction takes place and the location where the tax is collected. • There is no clear definition of where a transaction happens in Cyberspace.

  16. Sales Tax • Location is a continuing issue in cyberspace. • Local sovereigns have always had the power to tax transactions that occur under their control. • What arguments can you make for where the transaction takes place?

  17. Sale Tax • What is the rationale for charging any sales tax? • With a physical transaction there is local impact. • The store consumes local resources and services. • The customer consumes local resources and services.

  18. Sales Tax • What is the local impact of internet sales? • Local sales are reduced. • Is it cost alone that reduces sales? • Compare local sales to “Big Box” stores. • If local stores go away what is the impact on the local community?

  19. Sales Tax • The need for increased local revenue is what drives an internet sales tax.

  20. Online Gambling • Different sovereigns have different views of gambling. • When playing online where does the transaction take place? • If it takes place at the client location how could restrictions be enforced? • If it takes place at the server location and the server is off shore how is it enforced?

  21. Online Gambling • Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 • Focus is on the server not the client. • An additional focus on the movement of money. • Does moving the server offshore change the way the law is enforced? • Uses financial pressure to enforce the law.

  22. Online Gambling • Is it significant that this is a national law rather than local? • Does this means that more global solutions are needed? • What about gambling in virtual space is this real gambling?

  23. Online Pornography • This focus differs in that both the client and server are objects of enforcement. • Online companies can supply still and video services. • Services may only be available to clients of a specific age.

  24. Online Pornography • If there are age restrictions how can they be enforced? • Is there a reliable way to identify an online user? • When there is no physical presence when the transaction takes place is there an alternative? • Do any of the methods of online age restrictions make sense?

  25. Online Pornography • Do parental controls make sense? • What is required for parental control? • How simple is it to bypass those controls?

  26. Online Pornography • In addition to the internet, technology has provided other opportunities for pornography. • Simple mobile devices with huge storage capacity. • Cameras and video recorders that are cheap and available to anyone. • Cell phones with embedded video create even additional opportunities for actions never imagined by existing laws.

  27. Online Pornography • The laws concerning searches never imagined mobile devices. • The laws concerning child pornography never imagined that children could the producers of images that are defined as child pornography.

  28. Online Pornography • Do the existing laws covering child pornography make sense? • In general anyone who has sexual images of an under age child is guilty of child pornography. • What is the impact of sextexting on those laws?

  29. Online Pornography • How could you make a better law?

More Related