1. M180: Data Structures & Algorithms in Java Linked Lists – Part 1 Arab Open University

2. Outline • Linked list nodes • Linked list operations • Insertion • Append • Deletion • Other types of linked lists • Doubly-linked • Circular

3. Limitation of Arrays • An array has a limited number of elements • routines inserting a new value have to check that there is room • Can partially solve this problem by reallocating the array as needed (how much memory to add?) • adding one element at a time could be costly • one approach - double the current size of the array • A better approach: use a Linked List

4. Dynamically Allocating Elements • Allocate elements one at a time as needed, have each element keep track of the next element • Result is referred to as linked list of elements, track next element with a pointer

5. myList a b c d Anatomy of a linked list • A linked list consists of: • A sequence of nodes • Each node contains a value and a link(reference) to some other node The last node contains a null link The list may have a header

6. More terminology • A node’s successor is the next node in the sequence • The last node has no successor • A node’s predecessor is the previous node in the sequence • The first node has no predecessor • A list’s length is the number of elements in it • A list may be empty (contain no elements)

7. ListNode ListNode ListNode ListNode A0 A1 A2 A3 first Linked Lists • Stores a collection of items non-contiguously. • Each item in the list is stored with an indication of where the next item is. • Must know where first item is. • The list will be a chain of objects, called nodes, of type ListNode that contain the data and a reference to the next ListNode in the list. • Allows addition or deletion of items in the middle of collection with only a constant amount of data movement. Contrast this with array.

8. ListNode: Definition public class ListNode <DataType> { DataType data; ListNode<DataType> next; // constructors ListNode(DataType d, ListNode<DataType> n) { data = d; next = n; } ListNode(DataType d) { this (d, null); } ListNode() { this (null); } }

9. a a b c d b c d x current Linked List: Insertion • Insert X immediately after current position current

10. a b current tmp Implementing Insertion: Step By Step • Insertion immediately after current position // create a new node tmp= new ListNode<DataType>();

11. a b current tmp Implementing Insertion: Step By Step • Insertion immediately after current position // create a new node tmp= new ListNode<DataType>(); // place x in the element field tmp.data= x;

12. a b current tmp Implementing Insertion: Step By Step • Insertion immediately after current position // create a new node tmp= new ListNode<DataType>(); // place x in the element field tmp.data= x; x

13. a b current tmp Implementing Insertion: Step By Step • Insertion immediately after current position // create a new node tmp= new ListNode<DataType>(); // place x in the element field tmp.data= x; // x’s next node is b tmp.next= current.next; // a’s next node is x current.next= tmp; x

14. a b current tmp Implementing Insertion: Shorter Version • A shorter version: // create a new node tmp = new ListNode<DataType>(x,current.next); // a’s next node is x current.next = tmp; x

15. a b current tmp Implementing Insertion: Shorter Version • A shorter version: // create a new node tmp = new ListNode<DataType>(x,current.next); // a’s next node is x current.next = tmp; x

16. a b c d a b c d X Implementing Append • Insert X immediately at the end of the list // last refers to the last node in the linked list last.next = new ListNode<DataType>(); last = last.next; // adjust last last.data = x; // place x in the node last.next = null; // adjust next • Most efficient approach last = last.next = new ListNode (x, null); last last

17. a b x a b current current Implementing Basic Deletion • Delete an item immediately after current position • Basic deletion is a bypass in the linked list.

18. a b x a b x current current current a b Implementing Basic Deletion • current.next = current.next.next; • Need a reference to node prior to the one to be deleted.

19. A0 A1 A2 A3 first Iterate Through The Linked List • If items are stored in contiguous array: //step through array, outputting each item for (int index = 0; index < a.length; index++) System.out.println (a[index]); • If items are stored in a linked list: // step through list, outputting each item for(ListNode p=l.first; p!=null; p=p.next) System.out.println (p.data);