Capitolo 6

1. Capitolo 6

2. IL PASSATO REMOTO The passatoprossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passatoremoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant, or 'remote' past.   In contemporary Italian, the passatoremoto has become a literary tense.   You will find it in fairy tales, short stories, and novels – and describing historical events in non-fiction biographies, histories, and encyclopedia articles.

4. Cecilia and her mother went to the store. Cecilia e suamadreandarono al negozio. They believed in many things. Credettero (crederono) in moltecose. We finished to study. Finimmodistudiare.

5. There are three types of passatoremoto verbs: • those with regular forms, following a pattern of endings that only vary slightly among verb classes (-are, -ere, and -ire), including verbs like parlare, credere and finire. • those with completely irregular forms, such as essere and avere • those with partially irregular forms, that is, a combination of regular and irregular forms, in verbs such as fare, dare, vedere, and leggere. • In these verbs, the io, lui/lei, and loro forms are irregular - following a pattern of stem changes established by the io form, while the tu, noi and voi forms are regular

7. Check out the regular verbs. You see that the endings are very similar from one verb class (-are, -ere, -ire) to the next, with the variation found in a vowel. • With the partially irregular verbs, the irregularities are found in what's called a 1-3-3 pattern: (1st person singular: io; 3rd person singular: lui/lei; 3rd person plural: loro). • For the conjugations of irregular verbs in the passatoremoto, have a look at these verb chartson page 139. • The -ere verbs actually have a set of alternative endings, that you will certainly come across frequently in your readings. • They would be helpful to recognize too, and follow the 1-3-3partially irregular pattern: • Credere/ credetti (or credei) /credesti/ credette (or crede')/credemmo/ credeste/ credettero (or crederono) • Don't underestimate the importance of accents in this tense, to be observed in writing and speaking! Remember, one accent can make the difference between tense and subject: • lavoro = I work (present tense) • lavoro' = He worked (passatoremoto)

8. Like the passatoprossimo, the passatoremoto is used in tandem with the imperfetto (imperfect). The passatoremoto is a narrative tense that recounts unique completed actions or events, while the imperfect is a descriptive tense, used to describe repeated or habitual actions, actions in progress, or states of mind, body, weather, time, etc. You can use the same logic and set of rules that you used to distinguish between the passatoprossimo and imperfetto and apply them to the new choice between passatoremoto and imperfetto.

9. Trapassatoprossimo

10. Trapassato • Trapassato prossimo(o piuccheperfetto): pluperfect or past perfect • In English: had + past participle (had gone, had studied, had eaten, etc.).

11. Trapassato • Use: In a past time sequence, it expresses an action/state/condition that took place before another. Proper sequencing of actions in the past is very important in Italian.

12. Trapassato • Formation: imperfect of essere or avere + past participle. Like the passato prossimo, the trapassato is a compound tense (has two parts/words).

13. Trapassato • Trapassato is frequently used with gia` (already), non. . .ancora (not yet), and mai (never). These words come normally between the helping verb and the past participle:

14. Trapassato • 1. Hanno pulito gli affreschi dopo che li avevano studiati. • 2. Prima di andare alla mostra, la signora Sgroi si era messa pietre preziose intorno al collo.

15. Trapassato • 3. Tito e Adalgisa si erano prima sposati, poi sono andati in luna di miele in Lapponia. • 4. Ho trovato un portafoglio che qualcuno aveva perso. • 5. Qualche pittore ha dipinto dei veli e delle foglie sui santi muscolosi che Michelangelo aveva dipinto nudi.

16. Trapassato • Avevo gia` finito di dipingere il soffitto. • Cunegonda non aveva ancora scolpito il corpo di Sant'Agapito. • Non avevano mai ammirato i capolavori di Caravaggio.

17. Passato prossimo? Imperfetto? Trapassato? 1. Ieri Elpidio e io (andare) _____________ a vedere la mostra di Artemisia Gentileschi perche` la settimana scorsa noi (leggere) _____________ una buona recensione.

18. Passato prossimo? Imperfetto? Trapassato? • Calogero (scrivere) _ha scritto ____________ a Petronilla per sapere se lei (volere) _voleva______ venire con lui a Cepagatti, ma lei ha risposto (rispondere) checi (essere) ___era stata______________ gia` l'annoscorso, e non (sentirsi) __sisentiva____________ diritornarci.

19. Passato prossimo? Imperfetto? Trapassato? 3. Mentretu (essere) _eri___________ al botteghino, (trovare) _haitrovato_____________ del denarochequalcuno (dimenticare) avevadimenticato_________. 4. Il mesescorsovoi (tornare) sietetornati ____________ a Casalpusterlengo dove (assaggiare) avevateassaggiato________ le ranefrittenel l976.

20. Passatoprossimo? Imperfetto? Trapassato? 5. Quando Fred (uscire) usciva____________ di casa, (ricordarsi) ________cheigenitoriglisi e` ricordato(dire)_avevadetto_______che (dovere) doveva_______________ stare a casa per mezzanotte.

21. TrapassatoRemoto

22. The "trapassatoremoto" expresses an action that happened prior to the one expressed by another past tense: "Garibaldi, dopocheebberadunatogliuomini, partì per la Sicilia" (After Garibaldi had grouped the men, they all left for Sicily). The "trapassatoremoto" is a "compound tense" (like the "passatoprossimo") because it is formed with one of the auxiliary verbs ("essere" or "avere") plus the past participle of a verb. Whether it requires "essere" or "avere", depends on the verb. If the verb is a transitive verb, it requires the auxiliary "avere". If the verb is intransitive (like most verbs that express movement or state of being) or if the verb is reflexive, it requires the auxiliary "essere".

23. TRAPASSATO REMOTO of TRANSITIVE VERBS Transitive verbs may be followed by an object to complete their meaning "leggo la lettera" (I read the letter) I read what? I read the letter. The "trapassatoremoto" of transitive verbs is formed with the "passatoremoto" of "AVERE" + the past participle of the verb.

24. Mangiare, Leggere, Aprire" - Trapassatoremoto

25. Intransitive verbs don't need an object to complete their meaning. The "trapassatoremoto" of most intransitive verbs is formed with the "passatoremoto" of "ESSERE" + the past participle of the verb (if you are not sure whether a verb requires "essere" or "avere" check the dictionary.) With "essere", the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb.

26. Andare, Nascere, Venire" - Trapassatoremoto

27. Remember: "dormire"(to sleep), "rispondere" (to answer), "viaggiare" (to travel), "vivere" (to live) though intransitive require the auxiliary "avere" ("ho dormito, ho risposto, ho viaggiato, ho vissuto...") verbs that express movement, like "venire" (to come), "andare" (to go), "uscire" (to go out)... require the auxiliary "essere" verbs that express state of being, like "essere" (to be), "stare" (to stay), "rimanere" (to remain), "nascere" (to be born)... require the auxiliary "essere" reflexive verbs require the verb "essere" the verb "piacere" requires the auxiliary "essere“

28. CI e NE

29. l’avverbio ci (here or there) CI is used to replace nouns or expressions that refer to places or locations that have just been mentioned. Ci is roughly equivalent to the English there. Especially by a phrase preceded by a, da, or in. Its position in a sentence is that of a direct object pronoun. Ci is always placed in front of a conjugated verb. Che bella terrazza! Ci mangi spesso? Metti la tua macchina in garage? No, mia madre ci mette la sua. Ci is also used to replace a+ phrase after the verbs Pensare, credere and riuscire. Credi di riuscire a passare l’esame? Si`, ci credo Sei riuscita a pattinare senza cadere? Si ci sono riuscita Hai pensato cosa fare domani? No, non ci ho pensato! Pg 277

30. Sei mai stata a Firenze? ……………………sono stato a settembre Con chi siete andati a Firenze?……………………..siamo andati con Alfredo. Vai spesso in citta`? No, non…..vado quasi mai

31. Il pronome ne (of it, of them) NE (of it, of them) The pronoun ne replaces a direct object noun preceding a precise or approximate quantity. Compro I poster…Ne compro due (precise number) Compro I poster….Li compro Ne is used when referring back to a phrase introduced by the partitive or the prepositon di, Avete comprato del latte? Ne ho comprato un gallone. Desidera delle carote? Ne ho bisogno solo di due. Ne is used to replace a direct object introduced by a number or an expression of quantity. Quanti anni hai? Ne ho trenta. With Passato prossimo , the past participle must agree with the noun that it refers to. Quanti CD hai comprato? Ne ho comprati dieci.

32. Hai delle mele? Si`……ho cinque. Quante bottiglie d’acqua minerale hai comprato? …………………ho comprato tre. Hai del vino? No, non ……….ho

33. Pronomipersonali formecombinate

34. --PRONOMI DOPPI follow the same placement rules as single pronouns: 1. they precede a conjugated verb ("Le haiscritto la lettera?" "Sì, gliela ho scritta") 2. they attach to infinitives, gerunds, and informal imperatives ("Scrivile la lettera, scriviglielaimmediatamente!") 3. with dovere, potere, volere, the PRONOMI DOPPI can either precede the verb or be attached to the accompanying infinitive ("Vorreiportarledeifiori, e vorreiportarglielioggi") When two object pronouns accompany the same verb, the word order is he following: Indirect Object direct Object verb ME lo leggi? (Mi leggiilgiornale?)

35. When direct and indirect object pronouns are both used in a sentence, the indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun, except for loro. The following chart shows indirect object pronouns combined with direct object pronouns as well as with the particle ne.

37. The indirect object pronouns mi, ti, ci, and vi become me, te, ce, and ve before lo, la, li, le, and ne. Anna mi chiede un favore.Me lo chiede. Roberto ti ha compratoilbiglietto. Te l’hacomprato. Cipreparanoidolci. Celipreparano. • Vi scrive le poesieVe le scrive. • The indirect object pronouns gli and le become glie when combined with the direct object pronouns lo, la, li, le, and ne. GlispediròilquestionarioGlielospedirò.Le ho compratoillibro.Gliel’hocomprato.Gliabbiamoparlatodellafesta. Glieneabbiamoparlato.

39. The combined object pronouns, like single pronouns, generally precede a conjugated verb. 2. In infinitive constructions, the combined pronouns are attached to the end of the infinitive. In constructions with the modal verbs dovere, potere, volere, the pronouns may either precede the conjugated verb or attach to the infinitive. — Vendi la tuamacchina a Giuliana? — Sì, forseglielavendoPensodivendergliela.Vorreivendergliela(orGliela)vorreivendere). 3.The indirect object pronoun loro always follows the verb. It never attaches to the direct object pronoun or to an infinitive. Mandoloroilpacco. Lomandoloro.Devomandarloloro.

40. In tu, noi, and voi commands with two object pronouns, both pronouns follow the verb and are attached to it. Portamelo!Speditecela! In negative tu, noi, and voi commands, the pronouns usually precede the verb, though many Italians attach them to the end of the verb. Non me loportare. or Non portarmelo.Non ce la spedite. orNon speditecela.

42. With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronouns combine with the direct-object pronouns lo, la, li, le and ne, and follow the same word order as double object pronouns.

43. Rewrite each sentence, replacing the direct and indirect object nouns with the correct pronouns. Riportiamo il libro a lei. Restituisci il quaderno a lui. Presto la macchina a Paolo. Mandate i regali ai bambini. Mio zio porta i documenti ai signori. Date la palla alle ragazze. Do il libro agli studenti. Inviano i pacchi a lui. Prestiamo le fotografie a Luisa. Do la penna a Martina.