Air Quality: A Review and Outlook for Environmental Protection

1. Air QualityHow are we doing?Where are we going?10/12/12 William O’Sullivan, Director Division of Air Quality NJ Department of Environmental Protection Bill.o’sullivan@dep.state.nj.us

6. Origin of Air Pollution Control Requirements • Federal Clean Air Act – Unlikely to change soon • Federal EPA rules – many in progress, some delayed • States – primary responsibility for attaining health standards • Regional Strategies • Needed for regional problems • Ozone Transport Commission (Example) • State Rules still needed • Interstate transport of Air Pollution – significant impacts on health exceedances are prohibited • Local governments/Communities • More involvement • Cumulative impacts and EJ

11. Recent Successes • Much lower Fine Particles • Well below current NAAQS • Lower Ozone • At 85 ppb NAAQS • Declining Air Toxics Levels

12. Challenges • Fine Particles - continue improvement • Avoid nonattainment of lower NAAQS (Scheduled December 2012) • Ozone – exceeds 75 ppb ozone NAAQS • 2015 attainment deadline for 75ppb NAAQS • Could exceed 85ppb NAAQS with hot summers (Did in 2012) • New NAAQS (60 to 70ppb) expected in 2014 • Air Toxics – Risks still high • Primarily Motor Vehicles • Diesel Dominates Risk • Cumulative Risk • Disproportionate Risk - EJ

14. Focus on Particles • Clean Data Determinations - Air Quality now better than current NAAQS • Attainment Designations in progress – need to demonstrate maintenance of the NAAQS (10 years) 3. PM offsets - continue until redesignation - interpollutant offsets possible • New NAAQS – December 2012 EPA commitment • Need to continue fine particle downward trend – to avoid exceedances of new NAAQS

15. New Jersey’s Multi-State PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas

19. Wood Smoke • Primary Cause of Nonattainment in Rural States • Growing Air Quality Problem in Northeast • Outdoor Wood Burners • Neighborhood Nuisance • NJDEP Enforcement – No visible smoke standard • Wood Stoves • Draft Federal standards for new stoves • Will not solve misuse • Will not address existing stoves • NJ Suburbs and Rural Areas • Future exceedances of health standards? • No burn days? • Woodstove changeout Programs?

21. Sulfur Dioxide Criteria Pollutant – Health and Welfare NAAQS Converts to Sulfates – Major component of Fine Particles (Precursor) Causes haze – Brigantine Wildlife Refuge (Class 1 area for visibility) Causes acid rain – kills fish, damages plants and structures

23. Sulfur Dioxide • NJ Dominated by Coal in 2009 (10 units) • 4 Units – had scrubbers prior to 2009 (1 will cease coal use in 2015) • 2 Units – ceased coal use in 2010 • 3 Units – scrubbers operational in 2010 • 1 Unit – will cease coal use in 2013 • NJ Sulfur in Home Heating Oil Limits • 2000 ppm now • 500 ppm in 2014 • 15 ppm in 2016 • Diesel – EPA Rules • 15 ppm phased in over last 5 years Result – Dramatic decrease in S02 and sulfates Challenge – Coal in other states

24. Out of State Powerplants • EPA Prevention of Significant Deterioration Cases • Air Pollution Control Technology Focus • Seek Best Available Control Technology • Examples – Ohio Edison, Homer City, Allegheny, GenOn • Clean Air Act Section 126 Petitions • Health Standard focus • Seek emission reduction sufficient to avoid exceedances of health standard • GenOn Portland example • EPA Mercury and Air Toxics (MAT) Rules • Indirectly controls SO2 • EPA Cross State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) – Court Overturned • SO2 – generally effective caps • NOx – not sufficient for 75 ppb ozone

26. Table 1 Comparison of Allowable Short-Term Emissions between the 400 MW Coal-Fired Portland Power Plant and the Proposed 655 MW Natural Gas Fired Newark Energy Center

28. NJ Ozone Nonattainment

36. OTC States

37. NOx Sources: Model Rules/MOUs: EGU’s (Oil and Gas-fired Boilers)* High Electric Demand Day (HEDD) Turbines* New Small Boilers Stationary Generators Draft Model Rules: 5. Non-Road Equipment Idling* 6. Natural Gas Compressor Stations Categories Under Review: 7. Municipal Waste Incinerators 8. Promote Energy Efficiency/ Renewable Energy 9. Coal-fired Boilers (EPA) VOC Sources: Model Rules/MOUs: Large VOC Stationary Storage Tanks* Autobody Refinishing Consumer Products Architectural/Industrial Coatings Draft Model Rules: Solvent Cleaning (Industrial/Commercial) Paint Thinners (Consumer) Category Under Review: 7. Stage 1 and 2 Vapor Recovery Ozone Transport Commission (OTC)Regional Control Strategies *Existing NJ Rule Equivalent to Model Already Adopted

38. Mobile Sources Significant contributors to Ozone, Toxics, PM2.5, GHG

44. Diesel Emission Reduction Efforts • Mandatory Retrofit Law • In last phase – DPWs and miscellaneous on and off-road public diesel vehicles • Private off-road construction vehicles • Implementing EO60 • 175 vehicle pilot program • Retrofits of certain engines used on state contracts • Ports • Trucks, ships, cargo handlers, cranes, trains, tugs • NJ NY Port Authority diesel emission reduction plan • Other ports also reducing emission (Camden, other states) • EPA 2015 sulfur limit for oil used by ships • Diesel I/M Program

45. Continued – Diesel Emission Reduction Efforts • 4. Stationary diesels • NOx RACT Rules • Cancer risk management with construction permits • Model fine particles and NO2 NAAQS • Emergency Electricity Diesels • Limited to blackouts and brownouts • Can be used for peaking or DSM only if well controlled • (NOx and PM)

49. Summary Where Do Emissions Need to Decrease? • Ozone • Vehicles – VOC & NOx • Area Sources - VOC • Point Sources – Out of State NOx • Particles • Wood Smoke • Diesel Engines – Especially NonRoad • Area Sources – Small Engines • Out of State S02 and PM • Air Toxics • Diesels • Small Neighborhood Sources • Dry Cleaners • Autobody Repair/Painting • Gasoline • New Vehicles • Maintain Existing Vehicles

50. Division of Air Quality Website:  http://www.nj.gov/dep/daq/  (links to programs, regulations and other topics found here) Air Quality Permitting Program:  http://www.state.nj.us/dep/aqpp/ (applications, forms, testing information, etc.) Bureau of Air Quality Planning:  http://www.state.nj.us/dep/baqp/ (State Implementation Plans (SIPs), inventory, etc.) Bureau of Air Monitoring:  http://www.njaqinow.net/Default.ltr.aspx(monitoring data, NJ air quality forecast) Bureau of Mobile Sources:  http://www.nj.gov/dep/stopthesoot/ USEPA Greenbook for Nonattainment areas:http://epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/ (nationwide information on nonattainment areas and classifications for criteria pollutants) USEPA State Implementation Plan Status and information: http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/sipstatus/ ISG notices come out on AQPP Listserv.  Subscribing to Listserv can be found at : http://www.state.nj.us/dep/aqpp/listserv.html AirNow: http://www.airnow.gov/(air quality forecasts)